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Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System: Blood

Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System: Blood. Anatomy & Physiology.

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Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System: Blood

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  1. Chapter 11The Cardiovascular System: Blood Anatomy & Physiology

  2. “The living body is in constant communication with it’s external environment. Nutrients are absorbed through the lining of the digestive tract, gases move across the epithelium of the lungs, and wastes are excreted in the feces and urine. Even though these chemical exchanges occur at specialized sties, they affect every cell, tissue, and organ in a matter of moments because all parts of the body are linked by the cardiovascular system, an internal transport network.” (p. 365) Chapter 11The Cardiovascular System: Blood

  3. Objective 5 • Explain the factors that determine a person’s blood type and why blood types are important.

  4. RBC’s and Blood Types • Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response • All cell membranes have antigens on their surface • Your immune system recognizes these as “self” • RBC’s have at least 50 kinds of surface antigens • Determined by genetics • Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of three antigens • A, B, and Rh

  5. RBC Surface Antigens • In your body, all RBC’s have the same antigens • Type A blood has only antigen A • Type B blood has only antigen B • Type AB blood has both antigen A and B • Type O blood has neither antigen A or B • The averages in the U.S. population: • 46% are Type O • 40% are Type A Variations in these values • 10% are Type B differ by ethnic group and region. • 4% are Type AB

  6. What does Rh mean? • Rh positive (Rh+) • Indicates the Rh antigen is present on the surface of RBC’s • Rh negative (Rh–) • Indicates the absence of the Rh antigen on the surface of RBC’s • When recording blood type, the term Rh is omitted… for example • O negative is O – • A positive is A+

  7. Plasma Antibodies • Your plasma contains it’s own antibodies called agglutinins • They will attack the surface antigens on RBC’s of a different blood type • Type A contains anti-B antibodies • Type B contains anti-A antibodies • Type AB contains no antibodies • Type O contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

  8. Blood Types and Plasma Antibodies

  9. Cross-Reactions • When the wrong blood type is given to an individual a cross-reaction occurs • Cross-reaction – when the antibodies in the recipient’s plasma meet with their specific antigen on the donated RBC’s • This leads to agglutination • When the binding of antibodies to antigens causes the foreign RBC’s to clump together • This will plug small vessels and damage tissue

  10. Blood Types and Cross-Reactions

  11. Universal Donor O B A Universal Recipient AB

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