Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 An Age of Exploration

2. Lesson 1 Europeans Arrive in the Americas

3. Christopher Columbus • In the 1400s, European merchants bought ________ in Asia, and brought them back to Europe to sell. • A _________ is someone who buys and sells goods. • Travel to Asia took a ____ time, however, and people wanted to find a _______ route there. • _______________ _______________ was born in Italy. He studied ________________, or planning and controlling the direction of a ship.

4. Columbus believed that he could reach Asia by a new route. • Columbus wanted to sail __________ across the Atlantic Ocean to get to __________. • He did not know that ____________ and ___________ _________________ were between Europe and Asia. • In 1492, Columbus asked ______ __________ and ________ ______________ of Spain to pay for a voyage to Asia.

5. Columbus Sails West • Spain’s rulers agreed to pay for the voyage because they hoped to make a _________, or money a business has left after all expenses have been paid. • Ferdinand and Isabella believed that Columbus would find _________ and ________ and also spread their religion, ___________ ________________. • Columbus set sail on August 3, _____. He carried enough supplies for a _________.

6. Close to ______ men traveled in the three ships named the _________, the ___________, and the ________ ______________. Shortly after midnight on October 12, 1492 (just over 2 months later) a sailor aboard the Pinta saw __________. The ships had arrived at an island in the Carribean Sea that Columbus named ____ __________. This island is part of the Bahamas today. Columbus mistakenly believed he had reached land off the coast of ________, near India. He named the islands the ________ __________ and the people living there Indians.

7. The sailors on this expeditions were the first _________________ to meet people of the Caribbean. • These people called themselves the Taino, which means “________.” • The Taino people were ______________ and only fought to defend themselves from attacks. • After meeting the Taino and _____________ with them, Columbus sailed on with his crew. • He visited two other islands, ________ and _____________, before returning home.

8. The Columbian Exchange Columbus made _________ more voyages to the Caribbean and the coasts of ________ and _________ ______________. Ferdinand and Isabella wanted him to ______ _______________ and search for ________. Columbus claimed more _________ in the West Indies for _________. The arrival of Europeans in the West Indies had many _____________ effects. Europeans cut down _______ _______ on Caribbean islands and built large ______ farms.

9. Many American __________ and ____________ more destroyed as the European cut down the rain forests and built farms. • The Europeans also brought many __________ that the Taino had not had before. Many died from _____________, or an outbreak of disease that affects many people. • When Columbus arrived originally, there were more than 600,000 Taino people living in the Caribbean Islands. Within 50 years of Columbus’s arrival, almost _____ Taino people were left.

10. Columbus brought ____________, ___________, _____________, ______________, _______________, and _________ _________ plants with him on his journeys to the Western Hemisphere. These plants didn’t live in the Americas until he brought them there. • When he returned to Spain, he carried _____________ from the Americas. These plants included maize (_________), peanuts, potatoes, ______________, cocoa (_________________), and certain peppers, beans and squashes. • This movement of plants, animals, and people between the Eastern and Western Hemisphere is known as the _______________ _______________.

11. The Columbian Exchange benefited people all over the world. • _______________ from the Americas became an important food for most Europeans. • ________ became an important crop in Africa. • ________ ____________ were grown as far away as ___________.

12. Exploration Continues • In the early 1500s, European rulers sent more _________________, or people that travel to new places to learn about them, to the Americas. • Pedro Alvarez Cabral explored eastern South America in 1500 and claimed it for ____________. • An Italian named Amerigo Vespucci made several voyages to South America and the Caribbean.

13. Vasco Nunez de ______, a ________ explorer, sailed to present day Panama in Central America. In 1513, he crossed Panama and reached the __________ ______________. • Ferdinand ____________ sailed for Spain. • He believed that he could go ________, go around South America, cross the _________ ________ and end up back in Spain. • He left in September 1519 with ______ ships and ______ men. In November of 1520, his ships entered the __________ ________. He named it Pacific which means ___________ because it looked so calm.

14. Sailing west, Magellan and his crew didn’t see land for more than __________ ____________________. • Many sailors died of _____________________ and ______________________________ along the way. • When they reached the Philippine Islands off the coast of Asia, Magellan was ___________ in battle with people on the islands. • Only ______ of the five ships survived the trip. • Magellan’s crew became the first explorers to ________________, or sail completely around, the world. • Although Magellan did not survive the voyage, he __________ that Columbus’s theory about sailing west was _____________.

15. Lesson 2 Spain Explores the Americas

16. Cortes Conquers the Aztecs • The travels of ____________ and _________ were exciting news in Europe. • Even though explorations were expensive, Spain’s rulers still sent explorers because they believed they could bring back ___________. • One of these explorers was ____________ ____________. He led a group of soldiers to Mexico. His ships carried ________, ________ and more than 500 ____________. • ________________ is Spanish for conqueror.

17. Cortes had heard about the ________ ______. • The Aztecs had built an ________, or many nations or territories ruled by a single group or leader, by conquering other Indian nations. • When Cortes arrived in Mexico he met ___________ of the Aztecs. • He convinced their enemies to join him in fighting the Aztecs. • An Indian woman named ________________ joined Cortes. She helped him communicate with the Aztecs.

18. When the conquistadors arrived at the Aztec capital city, _____________________, they were amazed by its size and beauty. • The city was _________ as big as any European city they had ever seen, and it was built in the middle of a ___________. • The Aztec ruler _______________________ welcomed Cortes, but he wanted gold and put him in prison. • This began their conflict.

19. The Aztecs attacked the _____________ and drove them out of Tenochtitlan. • Cortes persuaded other Indian groups to join his army. • Contact with the Spanish had infected the Aztec army, and many __________. • When Cortes returned, he met a __________ Aztec army and defeated them, and now controlled the Aztec empire. • By 1535, Spain had claimed all of __________ and renamed it ____ _________. • Soon after, ___________ __________ defeated the powerful _______ empire in South America.

20. Exploring North America • The first explorer to reach the land that is now the USA was __________ ___ _________. • He led an expedition to _____________ and claimed it for _____________. • Spain also sent ___________ de _______ to conquer Florida and lands beyond. He also explored American Southwest. • _____ __________ was the first European to reach the ________________ _________. • He crossed the river at a point that is near ______________, ______________. • There is a ____________ in Memphis named after De Soto. In 1540, Francisco Vasquez de __________ led an expedition into North America. He was looking for ______________ of __________.

21. Lesson 3 New Spain

22. New Spain Grows • In 1535, _________ controlled the former Aztec empire and made it into a colony called _______ ___________. • A _________ is a region ruled by another country. • Spanish settlers started _________ and _________. They dug _______ and ________ mines. • Spanish rulers sent __________ to spread Christianity. They also started ___________, or religious communities where priests taught Christianity to American Indians.

23. New Settlements • Spain was not the only nation trying to claim North American lands. • The ____________, ______________, _________ and later the ____________ explored North America. • The Spanish built ___________ to protect Spanish claims and guard against attack. • Various explorers started settlements in places that are now USA cities including St. Augustine in _________ and Sante Fe in ____ ________.

24. Life in New Spain • New Spain had good _______. Many settlers built ___________________, or large farms or ranches. Hacienda owners relied on ________________ to farm the land. • When many Indians dies from being overworked in fields and mines, the Spanish brought _____________ _____________ . • ____________ is a system in which people can be owned and forced to work without pay. • Priests at Spanish missions wanted to _______, or change someone’s religious beliefs, to ________________________.

25. A priest named Bartolome de las ____________ wanted to protect the Indians. • He convinced the _______ of __________ to make laws to protect them, but most people ignored these laws. • In 1680, a Pueblo Indian leader name Pope led a ___________, or a violent uprising against a ruler, against the Spanish in New Mexico.

26. Latitude and Longitude • Review TB p. 90-91.