Role of Disaster Governance in Disaster Risk Management

1. Role of Disaster Governance in Disaster Risk Management Abu-henaMostofa Kamal1 Lecturer (Sociology) Department of Humanities Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET) mostofakamal@hum.kuet.ac.bd Mohammed Moniruzzaman Khan2 Associate Professor Department of Sociology, Jagannath University, Dhaka zontu75@yahoo.com

2. Introduction and Background • Geographic location has made Bangladesh as one of the most climatic vulnerable countries of the world. • Bangladesh is located between the -Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. • It's a low and flat country. • The mighty river system and their nearly unpredictable courses, soil conditions, the agriculture industry and livelihoods of millions of people depend extensively on the locational context. • The more alarming fact is that we are very near to three tectonic plates; any movement of these plates and their adjacent faults can generate catastrophic situations. • The history of a hundred years and the recent experiences from the occurrences in regional countries lead us to believe that we are very vulnerable to seismological events, particularly earthquakes.

3. Natural Disaster: Overview Source: Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2015: The Numbers and Trends; https://reliefweb.int/report/world/annual-disaster-statistical-review-2016-numbers-and-trends

6. Natural Disaster and Bangladesh Disaster Overview:1980-2010 Natural Disaster Occurrence Top 10 Natural Disasters Source: www.prevention.web.net; UnnayanAnnyasan; http://www.lcgbangladesh.org/

7. Statement of the Problem • Bangladesh is one of the first line victims of ongoing and upcoming threats of climate change due to its geographical location, poverty and higher dependence on climate sensitive sectors (e.g. agriculture). • 28% of the total population who live in coastal areas are in the risk of absolute increasing level of climate change and disasters. • GO and NGO initiatives in risk management and • Weak institutional framework and vulnerability of the people of coastal region (Azam, 2009). • Socio-economic consequences of cyclone Aila (e.g. food crisis, drinking water crisis, diseases etc) • Death tolls: • Highest Mortality Rate by Disaster in Bangladesh- lost 5,16,239 men, women and children between 1970-2005, during the total 171 disaster incidents (UNDP VI). • In 1991’s cyclone and flood- 90% were women died out of 140,000 people (Gupta, 2010). • lack of social services (Nasreen, 1995). To reduce vulnerabilities and ensure effective disaster governance institutional responses are needed to be addressed.

8. Sociological significance of the Study • Achievement of Bangladesh in disaster management (CDMP, FFWC, CMS) • Increasing rate of global warming and its severe impact on weather pattern(increase in temperature and rainfall averages, more frequent and intense monsoons and cyclones, drought, salt water intrusion in inland areas, riverbank erosion etc.) • Emerging need to address vulnerabilities to climate change through disaster governance (viz-adaptation efforts, complementing mitigation efforts aimed at reducing the rate and magnitude of climate change) • Governance is becoming more important as it involves the structures and institutions that determine the amount and quality of social protection people have access to • Lack of disaster governance will increases people’s day-to-day vulnerability. • A detailed understanding of local politics, power relations and resources are required to ensure that international funds and policy frameworks are accessed by the most vulnerable groups. In these regard this study is sociologically important to seek the strength and weakness of the disaster governance system in the coastal areas.

9. Conceptualizing Disaster Governance

10. Objectives of the study • Broad objective To explore the efficacy of the existing disaster governance system is in the coastal communities to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the disaster prone people of the coastal area. • Specific objectives • To know the pattern and frequency of the disaster and techniques of responses of the community. • To understand the role of GOs in disaster governance in local areas. • To understand the role of NGOs in disaster governance in the study area. • To evaluate the effectiveness of the GOs and NGOs activities in disaster risk reduction. • To find out the gender role differences in disaster management.

11. Hypotheses of the Study • The higher the rate of experiencing disaster, the higher is the capability of • diminishing disaster caused vulnerability. • Disaster affects both women and men but the burden of disaster coping falls heavily on women.

12. Methodology of the Study • Mixed method • Data collection procedure • Quantitative • Semi-structured questionnaire survey (111) • Qualitative • In-depth Interview (10) • Key Informant Interview (10) • Focus Group Discussion (5) • Sampling procedure • Purposive • Data Analysis • Quantitative • SPSS version 17 • Qualitative • Developed a coding system manually and reviewed data to identify common research themes and concepts, and summarized the coded data according to the study objectives. • Study area: • No. of Village: 06 • Union : 02 (Mohesripur and North Betkasi) • Sub-districts: Koyra • District: Khulna • Age group:15-80 year

13. Findings and Discussion (*n=111*More than one response counted)

14. Findings and Discussion Table: Recommendations to Improve DBDRM Table: CBDM initiatives in the study area (*n=111*More than one response counted) (*n=111*More than one response counted)

15. Findings and Discussion Table: GOs initiatives in the study area (*n=111*More than one response counted)

16. Findings and Discussion Table: Malpractice in GO Relief distribution program

17. Findings and Discussion Table: NGOs initiatives in the study area Table: Satisfaction about NGO measures (*n=111*More than one response counted)

18. Findings and Discussion Table: Women’s participation in Disaster Governance Table: Women’s Responses after Early Warning (*n=94*More than one response counted) X2=10.042; df=2; Phi=.233; p= .000***

19. Table :The higher the rate of experiencing disaster, the higher is the capability of diminishing disaster caused vulnerability. Hypothesis Tests Χ² = 17.41, df= 6, V=0.396, p= .001** Table : Disaster affects both women and men but the burden of disaster coping falls heavily on women.

21. Limitations: • -Self-reported data • -Recall bias • -Socio-Religious stigma • Acknowledgement • -Participants • -Hon’ble supervisor Mohammed Moniruzzaman Khan • -Department of Sociology, Jagannath University • -Field assistants

22. Successful operations of GOs, NGOs and Community based organizations have reduced disaster risk and vulnerabilities of the study area. • Although GOs are working in collaboration with NGOs and community people but GO initiatives required intensive monitoring and supervision to avoid politicization, nepotism. • NGO measures seem to be more adequate compared to GOs but engaging community people is recommended. • Findings indicates less domination of gender identity during disaster but women’s participation in decision making processes requires further consideration • More research is needed in this nascent field of study on factors that contribute to effective governance and on other topics, such as the extent to which governance approaches contribute to long-term sustainability Conclusion and Recommendations

23. Accountability, resource availability, selection of target groups, and prioritizing of activities have to be ensured. Final Words This slide is made possible by the support of American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government.