Mapping the British Isles

1. 1 2 3 6 5 4 9 8 7

2. Mapping the British Isles • R-Dropping • H-Dropping • FOOT-STRUT Split • NG Coalescence • FACE-Diphthonging based on Trudgill, Dialects, Routledge 1994, pages 37-39.

3. Mapping the British Isles • R-Dropping • H-Dropping • FOOT-STRUT Split • NG Coalescence • FACE-Diphthonging

4. Mapping the British Isles Scotland Northeast North West Central East Central Wales Southeast Western SW Eastern SW

5. Mapping the British Isles Scotland N. Ireland (Ulster) Northeast S. Ireland (Eire) North West Central East Central Wales Southeast Western SW Eastern SW

6. +r • R-Dropping • H-Dropping • FOOT-STRUT Split • NG Coalescence • FACE-Diphthonging -r +r NB!

7. arm

8. +r • R-Dropping • H-Dropping • FOOT-STRUT Split • NG Coalescence • FACE-Diphthonging -r +r +r

10. +r • R-Dropping • H-Dropping • FOOT-STRUT Split • NG Coalescence • FACE-Diphthonging -r +r

11. +h • R-Dropping • H-Dropping • FOOT-STRUT Split • NG Coalescence • FACE-Diphthonging +h -h

12. house

13. R-Dropping • H-Dropping • FOOT-STRUT Split • NG Coalescence • FACE-Diphthonging

14. sun

15. Last

16. R-Dropping • H-Dropping • FOOT-STRUT Split • NGCoalescence • FACE-Diphthonging

17. tongue

18. R-Dropping • H-Dropping • FOOT-STRUT Split • NG Coalescence • FACE-Diphthonging

19. R-Dropping • H-Dropping • FOOT-STRUT Split • NG Coalescence • FACE-Diphthonging

20. 1 2 3 6 5 4 9 8 7

21. Scotland Northeast North West Central East Central Wales Southeast Western SW Eastern SW

22. Higland Scottish Scotland 3 Northeast 3 North 4 West Central 4 East Central 5 Wales 5 Southeast 8 Western SW 6 Eastern SW7

23. Scotland N. Ireland (Ulster) Northeast North S. Ireland (Eire) West Central East Central Wales Southeast Eastern SW Western SW

26. BATH-TRAP Split 1 2 3 6 5 4 9 8 7

27. FOOT-STRUT Split • BATH-TRAP Split

28. Diphthong Shift 1 2 3 6 5 4 9 + 8 7

29. http://notendur.hi.is/peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/index.html

30. Were you looking at this?

31. So I should have added another variable:

32. Report on assignment 4 Particular variables: • reversing several several variables particularly NG Coalescence • also others e.g. FOOT-GOOSE and FOOT-STRUT - spoilt calculations

33. Report on assignment 4 Particular variables: • FOOT-GOOSE not an innovation? • FOOT-STRUT in Scotland may not be an innovation either.

34. Report on assignment 4 Particular variables: • SW no Diphth Shift - difficulties with Diphth Shift • FOOT-GOOSE marked -/+ in the Northeast • use of schwa for STRUT in Wales (one answer) • R-Dropping negative in Northeast. Northumbrian burr

35. Report on assignment 4 Reasons • “It is most likely that the areas that have the highest number of innovative forms do so because they have been highly influenced by other languages.” • French influence. • London a melting-point for foreigners and Brits from all over.

36. Report on assignment 4 Reasons • Immigrants… • When did they appear in any numbers? What of the variables we are discussing could be attributed to foreign influence? • Not clear that any of the variables concerned could be attributed to French influence ….H-Dropping?? – What percentage of the population spoke French? • French influence in vocabulary

37. Report on assignment 4 Reasons • The Norse influence in the Middle Ages (before the French): • Clear grammatical influence • But we are talking of the accents of Standard English, which has the same grammar everywhere … • A Norse-English creole??? • … to be continued

38. Report on assignment 4 Reasons • Conditions for dissemination of innovation: • assume random occurrence of innovations • but greater probability in denser populations • remember the critical size of children’s groups

39. Report on assignment 4 Reasons • the socio-linguistic effect must be in the dissemination, not the occurence • otherwise notional association of linguistic factors with quality: phonetics, grammar … • so the two factors are • large population • prestige of the new form (group identity. NB prestige works both ways)

40. -r -h u X e: -r -h Æ X e: -r -h u X e: