Aquaculture and Development

1. partnership . excellence . growth Aquaculture and Development World Bank Workshop Viet Nam January 2008

2. aquaculture - the issues

3. aquaculture, food and livelihoods • increases social and environmental resilience • ecologically efficient • aquatic herbivores and food webs • increases ‘crop per drop’ • relieves pressure on wild fish • use economically marginal resources • salinized groundwater, borrow pits, irrigation channels • helps build resilient livelihoods • high value crop • mitigate climate change impacts fish pond feed green plants

4. aquaculture and development global fish production • one of the most innovative and rapidly growing food sectors • technical developments • market opportunities • investment • majority of aquatic foods • provides opportunities for millions • 12 million Asian fish farmers • multiplier effects throughout value chain 80 capture 70 60 50 million tonnes 40 30 20 10 culture 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 year source: FAO

5. aquaculture and economic growth wider economy and other beneficiaries produce aqua-feeds transport fry, fish & feeds access to affordable fish operate a hatchery produce fish fish trader seed farmer transporter retailer consumer feed mill feedstuffs grow feed ingredient crops highly effective means of maximizing benefits from agriculture for development

6. red tide, Inland Sea, Japan but … • some remain poorly informed • poor enabling environment • lack of investment • real concerns • can production meet growth in demand? • rate of aquaculture growth slowing • impacts of expansion, intensification and globalization • makes unsustainable demands on the environment • perpetuates/aggravates inequity and social exclusion • susceptible to climate change, increasing vulnerability

7. aquaculture - the principles

8. key investment principles • identify target groups and establish objectives at program/project outset and develop context-specific interventions • adopt a people centered – sustainable livelihoods - approach • stakeholders should adopt/modify technologies that both maximize productivity and minimize environmental demands to user capabilities and needs • understand, and secure access to, present and future markets • understand the roles of support infrastructure and the importance of mainstreaming aquaculture into watershed planning and engage with private/public sectors and civil society to create an enabling environment

9. implementing the principles case study 1

10. USAID DSAP, Bangladesh Development of Sustainable Aquaculture Project 2000-2005 • farmer, NGO, public sector, researcher partnership • clarify objectives • improve resilience of small-scale farmers through better technologies • design context-specific investments • develop sustainable extension support • increase stakeholder technical knowledge • improve access to input markets

11. USAID DSAP, Bangladesh • adopt Sustainable Livelihoods approach that was household-based • household capabilities and assets • optimize on-farm resource use • increase profits and food security • empower women • tailor technologies • Participatory Action Research • NGO capacity building (500 staff) • learning networks

12. USAID DSAP, Bangladesh • understand markets • strong markets for affordable fish • lack of affordable finance, quality seed and feed • create enabling environment • improved partnering arrangements • NGOs facilitated access to finance • SME distributed seed and feed production

13. USAID DSAP, Bangladesh - outcomes • beneficiaries • 68,400+ farmers • food security • >8200 t • household-level benefits • production – 1542 to 3046 kg ha-1 • aquaculture income - $1130 to $2200 ha-1 • total farm income - 13% to 17% • fish consumption - 46 to 58 g person-1 day-1 • empowerment of women

14. case study 2

15. development of IAA, Malawi, since 1988 (various funding agencies, partners, stakeholders) identify target beneficiaries low income, smallholder farmers HIV-AIDS affected households clarify objectives improve food security (fish; crop per drop) and resilience of farmers through development and dissemination of technologies integrated aquaculture (IAA), Malawi

16. design context-specific investments increase stakeholder knowledge new approaches to extension optimise on-farm resource use to maximize profits adopt Sustainable Livelihoods approach assess farmer capabilities and assets improve food security, profitability and nutrition empower farmers (farmer groups) empower women and children HIV-AIDS affected households IAA, Malawi

17. IAA, Malawi • tailor technologies • Participatory Action Research • holistic, whole-farm approach • drought-resistant technologies • technologies for women and child-headed households • intensification of production • understand markets • present and future • create enabling environment

18. IAA, Malawi - outcomes • 5000 farmers • increase of 22% per annum 1996 – 2001 (40% 2003-2006) from Dey et al. (2007) • improved recycling, sustainability, resilience

19. Technological Aspects Human Capital Social Inst. Environ 68% 71% 80% 64% 55% 84% 70% 75% IAA, Malawi – scaling out from data mapping from Bayesian network modeling *KAM Suan Pheng, WorldFish Center, and partners – Universities of Kassel, Hoenheim, Germany; Dept. Fisheries, Malawi Bangladesh; Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science

20. case study 3

21. river catfish, Vietnam cage culture of river catfish, Vietnam • identify target beneficiaries • cage catfish farming SMEs • clarify objectives • increase production for export • design context-specific interventions • increase access to seed and feed • control disease • value chain development • food safety (traceability, certification) • niche markets

22. river catfish, Vietnam • adopt Sustainable Livelihoods approach • assess capabilities and assets • rice farmers, businessmen, pond operators • tailor technologies • partnerships between government researchers, universities, farmers associations and commercial sector • feed, hatchery, disease, processing • develop learning networks (farmer to farmer) • producer associations

23. river catfish, Vietnam • markets • Europe 2003 • PPP (BMZ/GTZ, Naturland e.V., Binca Seafood GmBH, An Giang Fisheries Association/SMEs; Thai auditing company) • organic catfish standards • enabling environment • govt.-prioritized export oriented aquaculture for economic growth • rice culture reduced by 120,000 ha • transition from SOE to SMEs

24. river catfish, Vietnam - outcomes • 1 million tonnes (>$1 billion) • 1.5% GDP • growth of 20% p.a. for ten years • employs tens of thousands • increased food security • sustainability • markets (US) • environmental • strong policy environment and implementing institutions Vietnam’s fishery exports (value) 2006