Aquaculture

1. AQUACULTURE NAME – NAVNEET KAUR

2. CONTENTS 1. FISH SEED PRODUCTION 2. FISH SEED 3. TECHNIQUES OF FISH CULTURE 4. MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING OF FISHES AND THEIR PRODUCTS 5. LATEST ADVANCEMENTS IN AQUACULTURE

3. INTRODUCTION • Aquaculture is also known as Aquafarming, is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants and other organisms. • Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is harvesting of wild fish.

4. 1.FISH SEED PRODUCTION • FISH SEED– Fish seed is a term used in pisciculture for spawn (fertilized egg), hatchlings (just hatched young ones with yolk sac), sac fry (larvae with yolk sac), fry (3-14 days old young ones), fingerling (youngones of large fishes measuring 4- 12 cm in length). But commonly this term means spawn.

5. NATURAL FISH SEED RESOURCES • The natural fish seed resources include the fish seed obtained from Rivers and Streams and from Natural bundh breeding spawns. • (1) The Ganga river system – present in states of U.P., Uttranchal, M.P., Bihar (a) Egg collection – The egg collection at large scale is possible only at such location where breeding grounds are known.

6. (b) Spawn collection – The Ganga river system contribute about 50% of country’s total production in spawn collection. (c) Fry and fingerling collection – There are more than 200 centres for fry and fingerling collection at the Ganga river system. • (2) Brahmputra river system- The fish seed production is poor in this system due to fast flowing river , heavy silt and coarse bed of north tributaries.

7. (3) The Indus River System- The Indus river system is rich for seed production as compared to Brahmputra river system. • (4) The West Coast River System- The river Narmada contributes in spawn collection of Indian major carps and mahseers. • (5) The East Coast River System- The seed collection on river Mahanadi is not very good. The delta region of Godavary and Krishna are rich in carps.

8. RIVERINE SPAWN RESOURCE INVESIGATION TECHNIQUE • (a) Selection of spawn collection site – • The distribution and combination of fish fauna in selected stretch of river. • Topography of river bed and river bank. • Accesibility of the site. • (b) Gears used for collection of spawn – Thespawn is collected by a spawn collecting net called Shooting net or Benchi jal

9. (c)Methods of colletion of spawn- 1.Identify spot of maximum availability of spawn. 2.Full battery of nets should be commisioned. 3.The spawn should be accumulated in gamcha and collected. • (d) Methods of measuring spawn quantity and temporary storage- collection is to be measured in 200ml, 100ml, 50ml, or 30ml measuring containers. The collected spawn may be kept hapas fixed in ponds or in rivers close to bank. • (e) Indices of spawn quantity and quality- The index of quantityof spawn is amount of spawn captured per hour. The quality index depends upon – 1.The desirable spawn catch 2. Amount of major carps and minor carps in the catch.

10. HATCHERY SEED PRODUCTION collected fish seed also contain eggs of predatory fish spawn and is difficult to separate them. So methods devised to obtain fish seed by breeding methods. The fish breeding is of two types- • NATURAL BREEDING OR BUNDH BREEDING – This is breeding of fishes in reverine or natural resource condition. These bundhs are of three types – (a) Wet bundhs – These are perennial ponds situated in slope of vast catchment area.

11. (b) Dry bundhs – These are shallow seasonal bundhs. These filled by water during monsoon period. All the indian carps breed in special type of bundhs as decribed above. • INDUCED BREEDING – The old method of collection of fish seed from natural breeding places and then putting into water bodies to rear was having many drawbacks like mixing of eggs of predatory fishes. To overcome these problems, method of artificial fertilization were introduced.

12. ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION • It is a method of collection of ova or sperms and mixing them for fertilization by mechanical means. In this method breeding is induced in fishes. • METHODS OF INDUCING IN BREEDING FISHES • 1.Induced bundh breeding- by heavy showers • 2.By hypophysation- by injecting pituitary extract containing gonadotrophins. Precautions taken for collecting of pituitary hormone (a) The gland should be collected from fully mature fish (b) The pituitory of same species should be used.

14. BREEDING HAPA • These are rectangular structures, formed by cloth and supported by the bamboo sticks from all sides. The cloth used is mainly close meshed mosquito net • The selected breed is held in hand net and introduced in hapa. SPAWNING • The spawning occurs 5-7 hours after injection. The eggs swell up in water. The fertilized eggs are transparent and look like pearl whereas unfertilized eggs look opaque and whitish.

15. SPAWN BEING RELEASED IN HAPAS

16. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING INDUCED BREEDING • (a) Hydrological factors – • Temperature of water should be between24 to 31˚C.The warm water stimulates maturation of gonads. • The constant flow of water promotes breeding. • The oxygen content should be high • (b) Light factors – the intensity and increases in light hours induce early maturation and spawning in fish. • (c) Nature of habitat – the presence of stones, plants for egg laying stimulates the fish to breed. • (d) Seasonal changes – this affect hypothalamus, which in turn effect secretion of pituitary hormone.

17. 2.FISH SEED • Fishes are adapted to have wide range of feeding habits. Some fishes are herbivorous, some are carnivorous and majority of are omnivorous. • Some fishes are plankton feeders e.g. Cirrhinus reba, Hilsa hilsa. • Schaperclaus classified natural food in 3 groups- • Main food – it is called natural food. • Occasional food – the food is also liked and consumed when available. • Emergency food – this food is taken when prefered food is not available.

18. NATURAL FISH FEED CYCLOPSDAPHNIA MOSQUITO LARVA

19. ARTIFICIAL FOOD • The artificial food is given to fishes, in addition to natural food. So supplementary food is required to survival and growth. It is called artificial food. • The commonly used artificialfood for carps are rice bran and oil cakes of groundnut,coconut, etc. • The artificial feed is of different types – • The artificial feed of spawn is powdered oil cakes. The feed should pass through fine meshed sieve. • The artificial feed of Catla catla consists of mustard oil cake wheat mixture and silk worm pupae.

20. iii. The poultry feed consists of crude protein 16%, ash 3.5%, acid unsoluble ash 2%, phosphate 0.8%, moisture 10%,other extracts 11% and added vitamin A, B2 and D3 also gave satisfactory results in spawn rearing. iv. The powdered algae and aquatic weeds also used as artificial feed. • The artificial feed should have following characteristics – • Readily acceptable d) Easy transportation • Easy digestibility e) Abundantly available • Low cost

21. Conversion rate = Quantity of feed Weight increases It is also called food quotient , food coefficient or growth coefficient.

22. PELLETING • The dry feed is called pellet. The compressed pellet are formed initially by steam and later by moist heat, having temperature around 80-90%. The ingredients of pellet includes fibre and carbohydrates and spraying of fat or oil. • The various types of mechanical feedersare used for distribution of pellet. The mechanical feeder includes a hopper, a motor, and device with timer for regulation of supply of pellets to the pond.

23. ARTIFICIAL FISH FEED BAGS OF FISH FEED FISH FEED PELLETS FLOAT IN WATER

24. USE OF GROWTH PROMOTING HORMONES FOR FISH GROWTH • The hormones are also used in modern fish culture to incease the growth rate of fishes. • The main hormones used are – • Sex steroids – Natural oestrogen and androgens • Thyroid hormone • Growth hormone(bovine growth hormone) • Insulin

25. 3.TECHNIQUES OF FISH CUUTURE • INTRODUCTION - Fish culture in india is very old. Upto 19th century, the fish culture involving collection and transport of carp spawn from rivers and stocking of ponds was mainly confined to Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Later it gradully spread to other states. In 1911, Madras state formed a big fish farm for breeding, rearing, and stocking carps. Following this example, many states like Bengal, U.P.,Mysore, Punjab, etc. developed pond culture.

26. I.POND CULTURE • Pondsare small and shallow water bodies of standing water with slight wind action. No exact limit of size and depth are laid down for a pond. The ponds are of 3 types – • The small water bodies, remanant of lakes earlier. • The small shallow bodies, which not develop as lake. • Those bodies which are constructed or excavated. • The ponds also classified as village ponds, irrigation ponds, spill ponds, rain water ponds. The ponds also called perennial pond if water is always present and if water is present seasonally, called temporary ponds.

27. VARIOUS TYPES OF PONDS • NURSERY POND – Where hatchlings and fries are kept for growth. These are small water reservoirs near the hapas. These prepared before hatching of hatchlings. The nursery ponds should be kept free of predatory and weed fishes. • In nursery ponds heavy mortality of fries due to – • Lack of suitable food . • Decreased O2 level due to overgrowyh of planktons • sudden changes in the quality of water. • Presence of predatory fishes. The precautions should be taken.

28. NURSERY POND AND FINGERLINGS

29. ii. REARING PONDS – The rearing ponds are to maintain proper growth of fingerlings.these are longer and narrower to provide long distance swimming to the fishes. It helps in proper growth of fishes. The food supply should be according to population of the fingerlings. These ponds should not have any type of predators. When fingerlings attain size of more than 20cm, these are tansferred to the stocking ponds. To avoid transportation of parasites antibiotics like methyl blue, copper sulphate, etc.,are used.

30. REARING POND

31. iii. STOCKING PONDS – These are large sized ponds where fingerlings are allowed to attain full size and kept there till harvesting. In these ponds, the fishes are provided artificial food in the form of oil cakes, mustard, powdered rice, groundnut, etc. HARVESTING – The process in which the full grown fishes are captured from water is called harvesting. The metohod of capturing fishes from water is called as fishing.

32. STOCKING POND

33. ARRANGEMENT OF VARIOUS TYPES OF FISH PONDS - • ROSARY SYSTEM – In this, the various types of ponds are consructed in a series. All ponds are linked by channel which supplied to first pond by water source, it is drained by a channel which supplies water to other pond.

34. ii. PARALLEL SYSTEM – In this type of arrangement, the ponds may be built in a single series or two parallel series. All ponds are arranged in parallel lines. But they have separate inlets and outlets.

35. 2.RUNNING WATER CULTURE • To increase the fish growth, the running water system can also be applied. • In this culture water of the ponds is changed regularly by the flowing water system. • ADVANTAGES OF RUNNING WATER CULTURE – • Small ponds are sufficient if enough water supply is there. • Fish growth occurs at higher rate so shortening of time. • Income of farmers increases due more growth of fishes. • The main fish variety used for this culture is Cyprinus carpio. • This culture is also performed in reservoirsformed across the rivers and lakes present on the way of rivers.

36. 3.RECYCLED WATER CULTURE • The recycled water culture is a technique to conserve water while performing the fish culture. • In this technique, nursery ponds,rearing ponds and stocking ponds are interconnected by the channels. • This helps in conservation of water and pisciculture can be performed with small amount of water. • This culture of fishes practised as recirculation aquaculture sysetm(RAS). • There is continous supply of clean water. • The dissolved oxygen(DO) level is maintained. • The optimum temperature is maintanined • The fishes can be grown thoroughout the year.

37. 4.CAGE CULTURE • The rearing of spawn to produce fry or fingerlings in cages is called cage culture. • This technique was first time used in poonger swamp in Tamil Nadu. • The cages are made of galvanisedsteel wire frames with nylon meshes or simply bamboo frames are used. • In india the fishes cultured are channa sps., Clarius, Anabas, Mystus, Sardinella. • the bottom of cages just kept above to prevent entry of predatory fishes and escape of fry. • Optimum use of resources by doing many culture at same place • convenient to monitor.

38. CAGE CULTURE

39. 5.POLYCULTURE • During fish culture, two or more complementary species of fishes are cultured together in a pond or water body. It is called composite fish culture or polyculture. • In india is very old practice in which Catla catla (surface feeder) Labeo rohita (column feeder) and Cirrhinus mrigla (bottom feeder) are cultured. • ADVANTAGES – • All niches are completely exploited. • Among different species of fishes no competition occurs. • These fishes are beneficial to each other. • This results in more fish production at low cost.

40. 4.MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING OF FISHES AND THEIR PRODUCTS • MANAGEMENT OF FISHERY –To get maximum yeild and good quality of fishes from any type of fishery,the proper fishery management should be done. • It is more successful in culture fishery than capture fishery.

41. It can be performed in 4 steps – • Proper selection of culturable fish – the culturable fishes should be selected on the basis of cropping pattern of fishes. • Fish selection for single cropping – if single fish crop is produced in a year the following factors should be looked into – • Monoculture or polyculture • Place in food chain b) Fish selection for multiple cropping – to reduce unproductive period, the fish varieties producing multiple cropsshould be used.

42. ii. Management of pond- by pond drying, pond oxygenation, liming of pond,control of weeds, control of fish predators and pathogens, control of pollution, addition of fertilizers for fish growth. iii. Proper use of supplementary food – feed once a day during autumn months and twice a day in other two seasons. iv. Proper stocking of ponds – to get optimum size of fish the pond should be stocked much below its carrying capacity.

43. ECONOMICS OF FISH FARMING • Fishery is of great importance to human beings by providing food, most of fishing industries yield a number of by products of commercial importance. • Fish as food – Fishes are of great importance to humans in form of food. Fish contains less calories, good amount of proteins and less fat. Fish meat also contains omega-3 fatty acids; vitamins like A, D and E; minerals like zinc, iodine and selenium.

44. FISH AS FOOD

45. Liver oil - it is extracted from liver of fishes. It is main source of vitamin-A though some fihes also contain vitamin C,D and E. vitamin-E acts as an antioxidant of vitamin-A. • Fish meal – it is prepared from waste of fish oil or canning industry or from the whole fish of non-oil type. Fish meal is used as major food of domestic animals like pig, cattle, poultry, etc. • Fish protein - it is in the form of white powder extracted from fish wastes by removing fat and contains 80 to 90%of soluble proteins.

46. LIVER OILFISH MEAL FISH PROTIEN CONCENTRATE

47. Fish fertilizer– the waste of fish meal preparation is widely used as manure for coffee, tea and tobacco plantation. • Fish glue - it is obtained from skin and ones of fishes like cod, haddock, pollock and hake. • Pharmacopoeia - these are those by products which are used in ayurvedic an unani system of medicine. • Health benefits - fish contain omega-3 fatty acid which are heart friendly and make improvements in brain development and also prevent osteoarthritis.

48. FISH GLUE

49. 5. LATESTADVANCEMENTSIN AQUACULTURETECHNOLOGY • The fisheries and aquaculture in asia contribute about 45% of world fish production. The production of cultured fish can be increased by introduction of transgenic fish, which can grow faster and have more nutrients.

50. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FISHERIES • Biotechnology offers great promises for fish production, increasing nutritive value of fishes and fish disease control. • Biotechnology in fisheries is done by various techniques. • Genetic identification and genetic manipulation act as very potent tools. These techniques are -