Evolution and Biodiversity

1. Evolution and Biodiversity G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14th Edition Chapter 5

2. Key Concepts • Origins of life • Evolution and Evolutionary processes • Ecological niches • Species formation • Species extinction

3. Origins and Early Evolution of Life • Chemical evolution • Biological evolution Fig. 5-2 p. 88

4. Evolution and Adaptation • Macroevolution • Microevolution • Gene pool • Mutation • Natural selection

5. Natural Selection • Differential reproduction • Adaptive trait • Coevolution

6. Ecological Niches and Adaptation • Ecological niche • Fundamental niche • Habitat • Realized niche Fig. 5-4 p. 91

7. Broad and Narrow Niches • Generalist species • Specialist species Refer to Spotlight p. 92

8. Figure 5-5Page 92-93 Herring gull is a tireless scavenger Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates from the air Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation Avocet sweeps bill through mud and surface water in search of small crustaceans, insects, and seeds Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak Knot (a sandpiper) picks up worms and small crustaceans left by receding tide Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small fish Piping plover feeds on insects and tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches

9. Figure 5-6Page 93 Fruit and seed eaters Insect and nectar eaters Greater Koa-finch Kuai Akialoa Amakihi Kona Grosbeak Crested Honeycreeper Akiapolaau Apapane Maui Parrotbill Unknown finch ancestor

10. Speciation, Extinction, and Biodiversity • Speciation • Geographic isolation • Reproductive isolation Fig. 5-7 p. 94

11. Animation Example of directional selection animation. Click to view animation.

12. Animation Stabilizing selection animation. Click to view animation.

13. Animation Disruptive selection animation. Click to view animation.

14. Extinction • Background extinction • Mass extinction • Mass depletion • Adaptive radiation • Human Impacts

15. Human Impacts on Evolution Artificial Selection Genetic Engineering Concerns about Genetic Engineering

16. Animation Evolutionary tree of life animation. Click to view animation.

17. Animation Evolutionary tree diagrams interaction. Click to view animation.