Veterans Today

1. Veterans Today Denise Lukowski LCSW, CASAC Veterans Justice Outreach Coordinator VA New York Harbor Healthcare System Modified from a presentation by Dr. Male, et.al.

2. Objectives • Identify adaptations individuals make to a combat environment that may impact behavior in a civilian setting • Differentiate between normative post-deployment readjustment and PTSD with TBI considerations • Treatment modalities available for Veterans in the VA system

3. Current Conflicts Global War on Terrorism (GWOT): • Operation Enduring Freedom(OEF) • Afghanistan - Since October 2001 • Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) • Iraq -Since March 20, 2003 • Operation New Dawn (OND) • Afghanistan – Since Summer, 2010

4. Age Distribution Data as of July, 2010

5. Combat and Operational Stress • No real safe area • Unpredictable threat level • Periodic unpredictable re-exposure to high stress moments

6. Combat and Operational Stress • Adaptation to dangerous environment • Exposure to actual threats/trauma • Cumulative stress: • moderate stress for extended period • loss of resiliency

7. Job Stress Long Hours Newly formed units High operational tempo No Privacy Individual and unit functioning changes

8. Women in the Military • Vietnam – 7500 women in country • Currently – over 200,000 women in country • Same duties as men • Military sexual trauma • Sexual Harassment • 2006 - Congress Sexual Assault Coordinator For every command

9. Relationship Stress Long and/or multiple deployments Rushed marriages/pregnancies Irritability & numbing New communication styles Pre-existing strains Helpless to assist with crises “Dear Jane/John”

10. General Situational Stress Financial problems Guard and Reserve with employment & business problems General case of helplessness and/or hopelessness Disconnect from established support systems, faith communities Physical/environmental conditions

11. Environmental Conditions

12. How Many Times Matters • Many military members have deployed more than once • Some have deployed 3+ times • More deployments = more likelihood for clinically significant impairment

13. Trauma Exposure Matters

22. Successful Adaptation: A Balance between Stress, Coping, Resilience

23. Homecoming

24. Readjustment • Accustomed to relating to unit personnel rather than to loved ones • Not used to being around children • Forgotten that family problems are often not as easy to solve as military problems • May feel more important/prominent than civilian peers

25. Relationships Unrealistic Expectations re: Homecoming Emotional Distance Communication Problems Isolation Detachment Angry outbursts Increased substance use Intimacy problems

26. Returning to Work Many co-workers/supervisors may not relate to combat experiences Some will not even realize the soldier was deployed! Co-workers may resent soldier’s absence Re-frame co-workers’ reactions in terms of their frame of reference Those left behind may have worked extremely hard as well

27. Screening and Assessment Six conditions to screen for: • Suicide • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) • Military Sexual Trauma (MST) • Substance Use Disorders (SUD) • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) • Depression

28. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder TRAUMA STRESS Fight: Attack the threat Flight: Run from the threat Freeze: Not be seen by the threat Response to real and/or perceived threat • Overwhelms ability to cope • Trauma is in the perception of the experiencer

29. Anxiety & Physiological Arousal • We like to think of ourselves as a big dominant predator type. • Our biological wiring is more consistent • to that of a prey species than a predator species.

30. Example of Stress Response Soldiers drive down the middle of the road at full speed, being very aware of parked cars, debris, overpasses, etc.

31. Driving = Danger

32. Long after deployment, Veterans experience driving-related stress, fear, rage, or a need for speed.

33. Avoidance Tries to avoid any discussion related to trauma Avoids places, activities, etc. related to trauma Cannot recall details of trauma Alcohol, drugs

34. War Changes People • Major Areas of Impact: • Changes in Thinking • Changes in Emotions • Changes in Physiology and Behavior

35. Changes in Thinking • Miss excitement of combat, urges to return • Confused about direction and meaning in life • Blaming self for actions in war zone • Loss of “innocence” and belief in former values • Existential/Spiritual crisis • Unwanted “re-living” of the trauma • Distressing memories • Disturbing dreams or nightmares • Upset when reminded of traumatic event • Changes in Attitude and Outlook • Preoccupation with news about the war • Worry about friends still deployed overseas

36. Changes Emotions Physiology and Behavior Trouble with Sleep Easily startled & jumpy Overly controlling and worried about safety Physical symptoms and health problems Problems with concentration and attention Increased use of alcohol or drugs Withdrawn, sullen, uncommunicative Increased avoidance • Feeling unsafe, on guard • Irritability and outbursts of anger • Feelings of Guilt or Shame • Feeling alienated from others and society (“I don’t fit in anymore!”) • Loss of interest and enjoyment in life • Down, depressed, hopeless • Shutting down and emotional numbness • Anxious, apprehensive, panicky, stressed out

37. Substance Use Disorders • It has been estimated that as many as 20% of returning Veterans meet criteria for SUD

38. Traumatic Brain Injury Causes of War Zone TBI • Blast or Explosion IED (improvised explosive device), RPG (rocket propelled grenade), Land Mine, Grenade, etc. • Vehicular accident/crash (any vehicle, including aircraft) • Often sustain multiple blast injuries within close temporal proximity • Much less is known about these injuries • Fragment wound or bullet wound above the shoulders • Fall • Blow to head (head hit by falling/flying object, head hit by another person, head hit against something, etc.) • Other injury to head

39. Mild TBI May Go Undiagnosed • Common to “get your bell rung” • Explosion did not result in obvious serious injury in the field • Multiple exposures common • Overlap of TBI symptoms and mental health symptoms • Reluctance/inability to seek care

40. TBI Immediate Symptoms • Losing consciousness/"knocked out" • Being dazed, confused or "seeing stars“ • Not remembering the event • Concussion • Head injury

41. Enduring Effects of Mild TBI • Memory problems or lapses • Balance problems or dizziness • Sensitivity to bright light • Irritability • Headaches • Sleep problems *alcohol/drugs don’t help these things

42. Mild TBI: Course of Recovery • Most effects resolve within weeks or months • Possible improvement up to 1-2 years • Improvement after 2 years more likely to be psychological coping

43. Depression • Screen ALL veterans • Ask ALL veterans about suicidal ideation • Ask about weapons – if concern re: safety, ask them to give to someone else to hold • If won’t give them up, ask them to lock weapons separate from ammunition • Provide Emergency Resources

44. Suicide • Vietnam Veterans – more suicides after war than actual war casualties • Suicide rates are 4 to 5 times higher for OEF/OIF veterans • Veteran’s Suicide Hotline: 1-800-273-8255 or 1-800-273-TALK

45. Reasons for Not Seeking Help • Would be seen as weak • Unit leaders might treat differently • Loss of confidence by peers • Difficult to get time off for treatment • Harm career • Difficult to schedule an appointment

46. Strategies for Positive Outcomes • Prepare Veteran by explaining the process and what to expect at their court appearance • If possible, reduce environmental stimulation (first app/arraign docket) by having them wait outside until they are called • Assign cognitive tasks to keep them grounded in the present • Allow Soldier/Veteran as much control as possible • Be GENUINE

47. VA’s Response • Increase in mental health providers with focus in dual diagnosis (PTSD/SUD) • Increase in providers to treat and rehabilitate TBI • Women’s Health Program • Develop screening for Intimate Partner Violence

48. Top 5 Things NOT to Say to or Ask a Returning Soldier

49. Top 5 Things NOT to Say to or Ask a Returning Soldier 2. “Just get over it.” 3. “What’s the worst thing you saw/did over there?” 4. “What do you think of George W. Bush?” 5. “Wow—back so soon? It hardly seems that you’ve been gone.”

50. Top 5 Things NOT to Say to or Ask a Returning Soldier “Did you kill anyone?”