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Civilization. Civilization. What is Civilization Advanced Cities Specialized Workers Food surplus provided the opportunity for specialization As cities grew the need for specialized workers grew. Traders, priests, government officials
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Civilization • What is Civilization • Advanced Cities • Specialized Workers • Food surplus provided the opportunity for specialization • As cities grew the need for specialized workers grew. • Traders, priests, government officials • Complex Institutions (well organized central governments • Government, religions, and economy • Soaring population made government necessary • Education systmen
Civilization • Writing (Record Keeping) • As government, religion and economy grew so did the need for record keeping. • Writing system is development • Pictogram: simple drawings that represents symbols, then sounds • Advance Technology • New tools • Farmers stated to use animals and nature • Melting copper and tin together made bronze • Public Works: building irrigations systems, roads, bridges and defensive walls
Civilization • Social Classes; • Ranked according to their jobs • Priests, wealthy merchants, artisans, peasants, then slaves • Arts and Architecture: Expressed the beliefs and values of people • Complex Religion • Polytheistic: many gods: sun god, river god, moon god.
How did Civilization Start • III Social Changes • Complex and prosperous economy affected the social structure of the village life. • Social classes starting to form • Religion is more organized • Polytheistic
How did Civilization Start • Villages grew into cities • Communities were based on agriculture • Domesticated animals became more common • Population increased • Economic Changes • Food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue other jobs • Developed skills besides farming • Craftspeople • Trade with other villages stated • Two Important inventions: Wheel and sail (Mesopotamian)
Civilization • Spread of Civilization • City-states started to form • Empires were territories controlled by one ruler. ( Group of city-states) • Interactions with nomads (culture diffusion) • Civilization and Change • Environmental changes • Interactions among peoples (Culture Diffusion)
Characteristics of Early Civilization • Social patterns • Hereditary rulers • Dynasties of kings and Pharaohs • Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted • Political Patterns • World’s first states( city-states, kingdom/Empire) • Centralized governments (Religious Auth) • Written laws: Ten Commandments/ Code of Hammurabi
Development of Economic Patterns • Metal tools & Weapons • Increasing agricultural surplus • Increase in trade along the rivers/seas Phoenicians**** • Specialization of labor • Religion Traditions • Polytheism was practiced by most early Civ • Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews • Writing: • Pictograms Hieroglyphic, Cuneiform, Alphabet
Mesopotamian Civilization III Great Solutions: • Large irrigation ditches to irrigate their fields and for protection. • These activities required organization, cooperation, and leadership • This is the beginning of organized government and laws IV Government and Society • World’s first city states • Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early government, • Centralized government based on religion authority • Monarch (soldiers) took control during war. Pass their powers to their sons. Forming Dynasties • Women lost status overtime.
Sumer • Earliest cities in southern Mesopotamia • Agriculture and trade (as far away as India) • Sumerians • Developed the wheel • Created first writing system (cuneiform) • Devised a mathematical system and astronomy
Religion • Religion and Mythology • Polytheistic religious belief reflected harshness of war and struggle with unpredictable environment • War-like gods who possessed total control over human lives • Sacrifices, rituals, temples (ziggurats) • Power of priests and priestesses
Code of Hammurabi • FIRST WRITTEN LAWS ******* • Needed a single, uniformed code of law • Code listed 282 specific laws dealing with everything from family relationships to business • Different punishment for rich and poor and for men and women • *******Important Idea: It reinforced the principle that government had a responsibility for what occurred in society
Raise of Judaism • Ten Commandment: heart of Judaism • state moral and religious conduct • A set of laws that God gave them
SumerianScience and Technology • Irrigation • Bronze • Wheel, Sail, Ramp and plow • Basic algebra and geometry. • Strong in Astronomy which led to calendars
Sumerian Writing • Cunneiform: • Need to keep records • Developed from pictographs • Recorded myths, laws, treaties, and business • Scribes Video Writing
Egyptian Civilization • Location • North Africa • Nile River Valley • Delta • Government: • Theocracy • Pharaohs
Egyptian Culture • Religion and Life • Polytheistic • Pharaoh viewed as god as well • Death: After life • Mummification, embalming and drying the corpse • Built great pyramids: TOMBS • Society: Hereditary • Royal family, Upper class, Middle class, lower class • Women had a higher status & greater independence • Rigid class system where slavery was accepted
Egyptian Culture • Writing • Hieroglyphic • Earliest forms were pictures • Later pictures stood for a sound • Written on papyrus • Science and Technolgy • Pyramids, Mathematics, geometry & Calendar.
China • Location: Huang He Valley • Natural barriers isolated ancient China • Religion: Polytheism • Believed in spirits of family ancestors. • Consulted the gods through the use of oracle bones • Culture: Strong family tires • Loyalty to the family • Women were treated was inferiors • Government: Strong Central government, • First Dynasties • Sharply divided between nobles and peasants ( • Ruled by class of warrior-nobles • Writing: early character stood for an idea, not a sound • Helped unify China • Technology: • Flood control an irrigation projects, Calendar, Math, and Silk cloth.
Phoenicians: Sailors and Traders Settle along the eastern Mediterranean Colonized throughout the Mediterranean, as far away as Sicily and Spain Alphabet***************************** Persian Empire: Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamia Civ Tolerance of conquered peoples Development Imperial bureaucracy New Religion: ZOROASTRAIANISM One wise god controlled the world and one evil god Good v.s. Bad Money Economy Road System to link the Empire Construction of road system Other Civilizations
Religion of Persia – Belief in two opposing forces inthe universe
Ancient Civilizations I. Early River Valley • Neolithic Period, permanent settlements appeared in river valleys • River valleys provided rich soil for crops & protection from invasions • Fertile Crescent II. Locations and Time Frame (3500B.C. to 500B.C.) • Egyptian: Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa) • Mesopotania: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys • Indus River Valley: Indian • Huang He Valley: China • Others: • Hebrew: Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River valley • Phoenicians: along the Mediterranean Sea coast • Kush : located on the upper Nile River (South)
Mesopotamian Civilization I. Location • People started top settle in the Southern parts of the Fertile Crescent before 4500 B.C. • These people were called Sumerians II Sumerian (City State) • Geography; • Fertile Crescent, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • River flooded yearly: Dry hot summers, No rainfall after the floods. • No natural barriers for protection • Surplus of wheat and barley
