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Chapter 3: Hormones and Sexuality

Chapter 3: Hormones and Sexuality. For use with Human Sexuality Today (4 th Ed.) Bruce King Slides prepared by: Traci Craig. Chapter Overview. Endocrine System Menstrual Cycle Menstrual Problems Regulation of Male Hormones Hormones and Sexual Desire. Endocrine System.

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Chapter 3: Hormones and Sexuality

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  1. Chapter 3: Hormones and Sexuality For use with Human Sexuality Today (4th Ed.) Bruce King Slides prepared by: Traci Craig

  2. Chapter Overview • Endocrine System • Menstrual Cycle • Menstrual Problems • Regulation of Male Hormones • Hormones and Sexual Desire

  3. Endocrine System • Hormones are chemical substances released in the bloodstream, impacting… • Growth • Metabolism • Water retention • Reaction to stress • and others.

  4. The Ductless Glands • Testicles—Testosterone • Ovaries—Estrogen and Progesterone • Adrenal—Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone • Men and women have all three in their bloodstream.

  5. Pituitary Gland • Located at the base of the brain • 8 hormones • Gonadotropins—have effects on ovaries and testicles • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • Stimulates the follicle (immature egg) in the ovary • Stimulates production of sperm

  6. Pituitary Gland (cont.) • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Triggers ovulation in women • Stimulates male hormone production • Master gland…the brain. • Brain’s hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-release hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary to produce gonadotropins.

  7. Hormones Thermostat-like functions GnRH is increased from the hypothalamus. Increases FSH / LH from the pituitary. Increases production of estrogen. Estrogen decreases release of GnRH.

  8. Menstrual Cycle • Variations in the production of hormones occur cyclically in women. • Ovaries contain primordial follicles (immature eggs). • 1,000 mature each month, takes approximately 220 days to maturity. • By puberty only 400,000 follicles remain.

  9. Follicle Growth • At puberty FSH is released from the pituitary. • One of more of the antral follicles enter the final stage of growth. • Endometrium thickens and becomes vascularized. • If the egg is not fertilized it is discharged.

  10. Menstruation • 28 day cycle • (Day 1 is start of menstruation) • Preovulatory phase (days 5-13) • FSH from brain • Follicle secretes estrogen • LH from pituitary • Growth of the endometrium.

  11. Menstruation • Ovulation (day 14) • LH surge signals ovulation • Follicle ruptures and ovum expelled out of ovary • Ovum picked up by the Fallopian tube • Corpus luteum remain • Endometrium thickens • Cervical mucusclear

  12. Menstruation • Postovulatory phase (Days 15-28) • Corpus luteum excrete progesterone • Endometrium vascularized • Fertilized eggs implantreleases HCG • No Fertilizationdecline in estrogen/progesterone

  13. Menstruation • Menstruation (Days 1-4) • Shed endometrium, cervical mucus, and blood. • 4-6 tablespoons discharged • Loss of estrogen causes pituitary to release more FSH to start the cycle again.

  14. Menstrual Synchrony • Roommates develop similar cycles in the course of a year. Mclintock (1971) • Mothers and daughters living together display menstrual synchrony. (Weller & Weller, 1993, 1997) • Pheromones secreted in the sweat of men and women may influence the cycles of other women.

  15. Menstrual vs. Estrous Cycle • Humans do not have Estrous cycles. • Estrous cycles are hormonal events. Female members of these species are only sexually receptive during ovulation. • There is some evidence that women show a peak in sexual interest around ovulation. • Increased interest in masculine features during ovulation/feminine features at other times.

  16. Historical View of Menstruation • Menstruating women were thought impure/unclean. “unclean seven days” –Biblical Hebrews • Roman historian—”turn new wine sour, crops barren…” • Intercourse during menstruation historically viewed quite negatively.

  17. Current Attitudes about Menstruation • 75% of women said menstruation made them have negative feelings about self. • Many myths exist regarding: bathing, swimming, washing, cooking. • Seldom initiate sex during menstruation—although more educated women do have sex during menstruation. • Embarrassment about purchasing feminine products is just one reflection of the negative attitudes.

  18. Menstrual Problems • Amenorrhea—absence of menstruation for 6 months or longer. • Oligomenorrhea—absence of menstruation for shorter intervals. • Common during breast feeding, pregnancy, or when coming off the pill. • Post menarche (first menstruation) it is also common to be irregular.

  19. Menstrual Cessation • Can be pituitary or ovarian problems • Body fat levels—more body fat, early menarche • Athletes and women with anorexia often cease to menstruate • Extreme obesity can also lead to a cessation of menstruation. • Lack of estrogencardiovascular disease and osteoporosis.

  20. PMS • Experienced 3-14 days prior to menstruation. • Physical symptoms: bloating, breast tenderness, weight gain, constipation, and headaches. • Emotional: depression, anxiety, tension, irritability, and an inability to concentrate. • Varies widely from woman to woman.

  21. PMS or Stress • Men report similar changes in mood over time. • PMS may be an overused term. • Stress may be misattributed to PMS. • PMDD—Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder • Symptoms ‘markedly interfere’ with social relations, work ,or education. • Include: depressed mood, anxiety tension, irritibility. • Prozac helps.

  22. Dysmenorrhea • Painful, abdominal menstrual cramps • Backache, headache, bloating, nausea • 60% of women experience this pain • 7-15% severe • Primary dysmenorrhea—symptoms not associated with pelvic abnormalities. • Prostaglandins are released—uterus contraction • Secondary dysmenorrhea—endometriosis

  23. Endometriosis • Endometrial tissue also grows outside the uterus • 2-20% of women have this with no symptoms • 40-50% of women with dysmenorrhea • When the endometrial tissue outside the uterus sheds there is no place for the blood to drain and scar tissue forms. • Severe cramps, abdominal soreness, excessive menstrual bleeding, deep pain during intercourse.

  24. Toxic Shock Syndrome • Toxins caused by a bacterium • Symptoms: high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, fainting, low blood pressure, and red sunburn-like rash. • Acid level during menstruation dropsstaphylococcus bacteria in the vagina can then grow. • Tampons that are not removed promptly can aide the growth of this bacteria.

  25. Regulation of Male Hormones • Negative Feedback loop • GnRH, FSH—no monthly fluctuation • Testosteronediurnal rhymthm (more in the day than at night) • GnRH controlled by hippocampus (not pituitary gland.)

  26. Hormones and Sexual Desire • Sexual activity in adolescent boys increases as Testosterone increases. • Sexually explicit pictures cause a short-term testosterone increase in men. • Hypogonadal men (low testosterone) show little interest in sex. • Testosterone is also related to sexual desire in women. • Estrogen is not related to sexual desire in women.

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