SmartWay Transport Partnership

1. SmartWay Transport Partnership

2. Briefing Outline Background Introduction to Truck Drayage Emissions Emission Reduction Strategies DrayFLEET Model DrayFLEET Case Study Results Communication and Outreach Extending SmartWay Partnership Agreements to the Drayage Sector

3. Background Drayage trucks are typically Class 8 heavy duty diesel trucks used for short-haul operations Moving containers into and out of marine and rail terminals Some cross-border trucking Intra-city hauling Regional trucks typically make trips under 200 miles and don�t idle overnight Drayage and Regional trucks can be a major source of PM 2.5 and NOx emissions Drayage trucks tend to be older Driving conditions (stop and go) produce more air pollution They operate in urban areas and environmental justice issues are a concern

4. Why is Drayage Important? California diesel regulations gaining attention LA/LB Clean Air Action Plan Statewide Diesel Truck and Bus Regulations PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standard designations will be made in 2009 EPA NCDC grants will increase focus on diesel emissions Release of SmartWay DrayFLEET model Facilitates port drayage emission inventories Allows assessment of emission reduction strategies Documents substantial drayage emission reductions and costs savings from improved terminal operations Black Carbon from diesel emissions is newest GHG pollutant International Council on Clean Transportation forming position on Black Carbon this Fall

5. Port and Nonattainment Areas

6. PM 2.5 Emissions from Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks(Grams of PM 2.5 per Mile)

7. PM 2.5 Emissions by Drive Cycle/Speed (Grams of PM 2.5 per Mile)

8. Port of Los Angeles 2006 Emissions Inventory

9. Strategies to Reduce Drayage Emissions Technology Solutions for drayage trucks Diesel Oxidation Catalysts Crankcase Filters Bunk Heaters Diesel Particulate Filters* Flow Through Filters* Selective Catalytic Reduction* Terminal Management Strategies Chassis Pools Virtual Container Yards Improved Gate Operations/reduced queues Electronic Manifests On-dock rail Terminal management strategies can increase truck velocity/turn times which means more $ for truckers APU�s and aerodynamics are not typically cost-effective for drayage trucks because of lower mileage *Not currently practical/available for most drayage trucks

10. Terminal and Port Operational Strategies

11. Exhaust After-Treatment Devices for Class 8 Trucks

12. SmartWay DrayFLEET Model

13. Introduction Our goal is to: Provide a model to estimate comprehensive drayage emission inventories Identify, assess and promote cost-saving strategies for reducing drayage emissions Integrate truck drayage activities and companies into the SmartWay supply-chain network Audience/Users Port Operators and Owners Terminal Operators and Owners Regional Truck Associations State and Regional Air Quality Agencies Metropolitan Planning Organizations DrayFLEET model is part of Agency-wide Ports Sustainability Strategy DrayFLEET can support SIP modeling with additional analysis

14. Study Objectives Adapt SmartWay FLEET model to allow planning-level emissions and drayage activity model (DrayFLEET) that depicts drayage activity in terms of VMT Emissions Cost The model will reflect the impact of changing management practices, terminal operations, and retrofit strategies Extended gate hours Appointment systems Chassis pools Near-dock or on-dock rail terminals Truck retrofit, retirement/rebuild/replacement programs

15. Worked with EPA, DOT and Industry Stakeholders EPA ASD NCDC DOT FHWA (contributed $50,000) MARAD Associations American Association of Port Authorities American Trucking Association National Transportation Industrial League Intermodal Association of North America Transportation Research Board National Association of Clean Air Agencies Environmental Defense Fund

16. Primary Inputs and Outputs Primary Inputs # Containers % Rail intermodal Miles to Rail Shippers Container depots Gate queue minutes Hourly labor costs Fuel costs Primary Outputs # of trips VMT Hours of idle, creep, transient and cruise Criteria and CO2 emissions Gallons of fuel Total drayage costs Costs per container

17. DrayFLEET Activity Model Information Flow

21. DrayFLEET Case Study Results Conducted 4 Case Studies to test model and evaluate management strategies LA/LB, NY/NJ, Norfolk, Houston Worked very closely with ports to develop case study data inputs and results Wanted to evaluate effectiveness of existing strategies already implemented at ports Because we were only looking at on and near terminal emissions, we limited drayage travel distance to 5 miles

22. Emission Reductions from Existing Management Strategies (percent and tons/yr)

23. Drayage Cost Savings from Existing Management Strategies

24. Conclusions Operational improvements can reduce PM and NOx emissions by at least 20% to 29%, while also reducing drayage costs by 22% to 44% Greater us of chassis pools, improved gate operations, and on-dock rail could substantially increase these reductions and savings DOCs with crankcase filters are the only practical retrofit for most drayage trucks right now (outside of CA) These can reduce PM emissions by ~30% EPA should encourage every major U.S. port to: run the DrayFLEET model publish a drayage emissions inventory, and develop an emission reduction strategy (if they haven�t already done so) SmartWay should extend the Partnership Agreement to include drayage carriers and shippers

25. Ongoing or Completed Communication/Outreach & Implementation Extensive pre-publication meetings and briefings for stakeholder associations Have completed four case studies LA/LB, Houston, Norfolk, NY/NJ TRB�s National Cooperative Freight Research Plan will use DrayFLEET in a $400,000 marine terminal efficiency project Port of Baltimore has committed to use DrayFLEET for drayage assessment Plan to meet with Intermodal Motor Carriers Conference in October at ATA Annual Meeting

26. Extending SmartWay Partnership Agreements to the Drayage SectorDRAFT

27. Extending SmartWay Partnership Agreements to the Drayage Sector Goal is to create SmartWay drayage performance requirements that balance: Superior environmental performance Financial limitations Available emission reduction technologies Key aspects of drayage criteria Consistent with SmartWay�s long-haul criteria Minimize reporting and record keeping requirements for carriers/3PLs, shippers and SmartWay Performance-oriented (vs. technology focused)

28. Commitments for SmartWay Drayage Carriers SmartWay would showcase drayage carriers to shippers and logistic companies that reduce emissions Carriers would have flexibility to chose different pathways to meet the criteria As an example, one option for a carrier with 100 trucks could be, over a three year period: Eliminate use of all pre-1993 trucks Install DOCs on most 1994 to 2002 trucks Increase use of 2003 and newer trucks After 3 years, PM emissions would be reduced by 61% and NOx emissions would be decreased by 15% Participating Carriers and 3PLs would agree to collect and report information on emissions performance

29. Shipper Drayage Commitments No new emissions reporting requirements SmartWay 2.0 will address emissions tracking SmartWay shippers would agree to Include drayage shipments in WalMart�s FLEET Performance Model assessment Goal would be to ship ~50% of drayage containers with SmartWay Carriers Participating carriers and 3PLs would be listed on SmartWay web site Coordinate distribution center hours of operation with marine terminals