SmartWay ℠ Applications for Cross-Border Drayage Trucks

1. SmartWay℠ Applications for Cross-Border Drayage Trucks By Monica Beard-Raymond, Carlos Duran, Joe Zietsman, Reza Farzaneh, Doh-Won Lee, Tara Ramani Acknowledgements Ed Moderow and Ross Pumfrey of TCEQ Eduardo Calvo of TxDOT Manuel Sotelo of FletesSotelo Hector Mendoza of STIL

2. Cross-Border Drayage Operation (1) • U.S.-Mexico trade: over $350 billion in 2008 • Majority by freight transport (truck and rail) • 90% of truck traffic at border: drayage • Cross-border drayage trucks • Typically older and less well maintained • Operating daily across the border • A significant source of emissions in the region Drayage (Short Haul) In-Land Mexico In-Land USA Drayage Company Drayage Company Long Haul Long Haul

3. Cross-Border Drayage Operation (2) • Approximately 200 miles per day • No overnight idling • Border crossing by drayage trucks: • Long delays at the border • Stop-and-go driving conditions

4. Cross-Border Drayage Operation (3) • El Paso commercial ports of entries (POEs) • Bridge of the Americas (BOTA); and • Ysleta-Zaragoza Bridge • Idling and creep-idling: close to 70% of NB drayage activity – 20 minutes

5. EPA’s SmartWay Program • SmartWay℠ • An innovative brand that represents environmentally cleaner, more fuel efficient transportation options • Identifies products and services that reduce transportation-related emissions • SmartWay℠ Transport Partnership • A collaboration between EPA and the freight sector • Goal: improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions through the use of technologies and best practices. • SmartWay strategies: primarily for long-haul trucking

6. SmartWay Strategies (1) • Engine, tire and truck modifications • low rolling resistance tires, auto-tire inflation, aerodynamic improvements, low-viscosity lubricants, lighter tractors and trailers, and SmartWay certified trailers • Idle reduction technologies • bunker heaters, auxiliary power units (APUs), automatic shut down and start up systems, and electrified parking spaces.

7. SmartWay Strategies (2) • Diesel retrofit and advanced technologies • hybrid power-train technology, DOC, DPF, SCR, and engine and truck replacement • Cleaner fuels • Biodiesel and CNG • Operational strategies • speed reduction, driver education, and improved freight logistics

8. Approach • Identify SmartWay technologies • Workshops with drayage companies • Shortlist technologies • Develop testing plan • Implement testing plan

9. Testing Approach • On-road emissions measurement • PEMS equipment • CO2, CO, THC, NOx, and PM • Pre-determined test drive cycles • 5 test vehicles • 3 SmartWay strategies • Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) • Light trailer (2000 lbs. lighter) • Driver training (eco driving) • VSP-based analysis

10. VSP-Based Analysis • EPA MOVES: Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) • For a specific vehicle • VSP = F(speed, acceleration) • Emissions = G(VSP, speed) • Data collection • Covering combinations of speeds and acceleration rates • Data Analysis • Applying emissions rates to drive schedules

11. Methodology Vehicle Selection Test Drive Cycles Sec-by-sec Emissions Emissions For Each Modal Bin On-Road Testing Actual Drive Schedules Total Emissions

12. Drive Schedules for Emissions Testing

13. Cross-Border Drive Schedules

14. Test Vehicles Selected based on the observed distribution of the drayage trucks from 270 observations

15. Test Equipment SEMTECH-DS Axion

16. Test Load • Single loaded trailer for all tests • Normal load 20,000 lbs • Light Trailer 18,000 lbs

17. Results:Operating Mode Bins

18. ResultsAverage Total Emissions

19. ResultsAverage Total Emissions

20. Findings and Conclusions • Not all the SmartWay strategies are suitable • VSP-based analysis provides flexibility • Fuel consumption was marginally affected by all strategies but eco-driving shows promise • DOC • Significant CO and THC reductions and modest PM reductions • Lightweight trailer • Modest CO, THC, and PM reductions • No impact on NOx. • Eco driving • NOx and fuel consumption benefits