1 / 53

BIOMASS ENERGY presented by Neo-Excretory Genesis

BIOMASS ENERGY presented by Neo-Excretory Genesis . Million Negassi Allen Trac Gordon Lai Clement Law Paul Lin Weiming Li . Topics. Methane generation from cows Methane generation from Human Number of people needed to generate enough power for SLO

shira
Download Presentation

BIOMASS ENERGY presented by Neo-Excretory Genesis

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. BIOMASS ENERGYpresented byNeo-Excretory Genesis • Million Negassi Allen Trac Gordon Lai • Clement Law Paul Lin Weiming Li

  2. Topics • Methane generation from cows • Methane generation from Human • Number of people needed to generate enough power for SLO • Number of cows needed for methane generation • Biomass related-diseases, odor and pollution • Suggestions

  3. Overview of Biomass energy • Biomass products have been used for thousands of years to • cook food • keep households warm • Sources of biomass: • Animal waste • Life stock-manure (Cows) • Human-sludge • organic component of municipal industrial wastes • Wood and dry crop wastes are classified as biomass derived fuels • Firewood is still the most common form of fuel http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html

  4. Overview of Biomass energy • It accounts for 3% of energy production in the U.S. • Biomass is still the largest form of energy available in the US • It ranks second (to hydropower) in renewable energy http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html

  5. Effects of Biomass energy • Reduces greenhouse gas emissions • Generates carbon dioxide as fossil fuels do • But CO2 is removed when a tree is grown • The net CO2 emission will be zero if plants are grown for the purposes of biomass energy • Planting a tree for each tree we cut is required http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html

  6. Biomass Energy Applications • BiofuelsConverting biomass into liquid fuels for transportation • BiopowerBurning biomass directly, or converting it into a gaseous fuel or oil, to generate electricity • BioproductsConverting biomass into chemicals for making products that typically are made from petroleum http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html

  7. Biogas Production Tech

  8. Biogas (Digester gas) • Mixture of gases http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas.shtml http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas.shtml

  9. Typical Energy Production http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas.shtml

  10. Anaerobic Digesters • Covered Lagoon Digester • Manure storage lagoon with floating cover • Liquid manure with < 3% solid • Complete Mix Digester • Heated tank above or below ground • Large manure volume with solid concentration 3% ~ 10% • Plug-Flow Digester • Digester with mixing pit for water • Ruminant animal manure with solid concentration 11% ~ 13 % http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/biogas.shtml

  11. Mix Above Ground Digester

  12. Mix Above Ground Digester Tank • Retention time of 20 days • Size = daily manure production X 20 • More efficient than plug-flow system • Less effect from change in climate • Stable production • Less effective than covered lagoon system • More expensive $$$$$ http://www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html

  13. Components http://www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html

  14. Components http://www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html

  15. Benefits • Generate electricity • Fuel for boiler, space heater, refrigeration equipment • Directly combust as a cooking and lighting fuel • Most equipment that use natural gas, propane, or butane fuels can be modified to operate on biogas. http://www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html

  16. Benefits • Nearby green house could be heated with biogas • Carbon dioxide from heater exhaust could enhance plant growth • Recovered digested solids may be used for animal bedding • Anaerobic digestion does not lower the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the manure but does increase the amount of ammonia nitrogen • The manure effluent will have a higher nutrient availability and plant uptake may be improved with digestion http://www.epa.gov/agstar/tech/index.html

  17. Benefits • After digestion, compounds, which usually produce odors, are greatly reduced • Digester systems, properly designed and operated, significantly reduce the odors associated with manure storage and distribution.

  18. Energy Requirements forSLO County Number of Households = 97,230 Number of People = 237,709 http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable

  19. Energy Requirements forSLO County • Number of People per Household • 12,133 kilowatt-hours of electricity each year http://www.solarenergy.org/resources/energyfacts.html

  20. Methane ProductionSystem Considerations Success Rates • Covered Lagoons – 78% • Plug Flow – 37% • Mix Digesters – 30% Choose to use covered lagoons due to success rates http://ari.calpoly.edu/images/46740%20pub%201.doc

  21. Covered Lagoon Power Plants • How much energy can be produced from each plant? • We’ll choose the one from Cal Poly • It produces 170,000 kWh / Plant*year

  22. How many power plants do we need to power the county?

  23. Is such a system feasible? • How many cows are required?

  24. Is such a system feasible? • We need 3,993,400 cow’s manure to supply enough methane to power the county. • Does SLO county have that many cows? • Number of Cows in California = 1.3 Million • Not even California has enough cows to supply enough manure for SLO county energy production through methane. • I Guess not! http://www.cacheeseandbutter.org/mar98nws.htm

  25. Human Excretory System Consideration

  26. How much sludge does a cow produce? • 1000 lb cow produces 80 lbs of sludge/day • http://www.nmdairy.org/faq1.htm

  27. How much sludge do we produce? http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/18may_wastenot.htm

  28. Ratio of Cow Sludge to Human Sludge

  29. How much sludge do we need to produce?

  30. Is this Human System Feasible? • The Human population in California is: 33,871,648 • We need 54,294,400 humans to supply enough methane to SLO county http://www.classbrain.com/artstate/publish/article_1226.shtml

  31. Current developing system • In Corby, UK, Engineers have started to develop the first human sludge power generating system. • It is based on a sewage works in Northamptonshire. • Every flush will count in the scheme to provide 5,000 local homes and businesses • Ideal for small communities http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/933791.stm

  32. Current developing system • Each unit has to be no bigger than two Dutch barns. • Expected cost is about ₤10 Million, or $18 Million • It will be paid off within 10 years. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/933791.stm

  33. What can we do with the Sludge? http://www.anglianwater.co.uk/index.php?sectionid=87&contentid=117

  34. Our Choice Use Sludge to Produce Energy • Sustainable Energy makes sense for our future • It will become cheaper as technology develops • Conventional sources of energy will become more and more expensive • $millions = efforts to save the earth

  35. How long will it take to pay off? • Original Definitions • P: monthly payment • A: loan principal • R: APR (annual percentage rate) / 12 • Redefinitions • P: $$ saved in energy per month • A: cost to set up and build the system • R: current prime rate / 12

  36. Actual Numbers (estimated) Fibropower Limited’s project “Eye” Project costs: ₤ 22 million System power capacity: 12.7 Mega-watts • R = current prime rate / 12 = 6.0% / 12 = 0.005 • A = cost of system = ₤ 22 million = $ 40.4 million http://www.nfsn.com/library/prime.htm http://www.eprl.co.uk/assets/eye/detail.html

  37. Continued… • P = $$ saved by the system per month = (energy generated per month) x (conventional energy price) – (operating costs + maintenance costs) = (9.278 M-kwh) x ($0.12/kwh) – ($9.278 M-kwh) x ($0.0675/kwh) = $ 487,095 / month http://www.eprl.co.uk/assets/eye/detail.html http://www.nrbp.org/papers/004.pdf

  38. The Results!! =995.63 months= 83 yrs A and R are directly proportional to # of months to pay off; P is inversely proportional to # of months to pay off. Facts: • It is expensive at the moment; A is large • We use prime rate to estimate; R will vary Conventional energy will approach shortage; Technology will make the system more economically viable.  P will Increase

  39. Disadvantages cost environmental impact odor and disease

  40. Cost • On average, more expensive than conventional source of energy

  41. Environmental Impacts • NOT emissions-free. They are known to emit nitrogen and sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and ammonia • only marginally effective at reducing problems with odors, pathogens and greenhouse gas emissions • pose dangers to surrounding residents--leaking, emitting dangerous gases, and threatening to overflow.

  42. Continued • DOES NOT reduce quantity of manure • Heavy metal and toxic materials could not degrade by digester • Manure used as fertilizer would bring these danger materials to consumers • Land use

  43. Risk Control • promoting proper pollutant source control and disposal of household and business hazardous wastes • assessing treated sewage sludge quality, assuring appropriate land types and use for application while verifying compatibility with surrounding areas • determining appropriate soil, landscape, and crop or vegetative conditions for biosolids use or restriction

  44. continued • monitoring and overseeing transport, storage, application and land use during and after application. • limiting harvest or grazing until appropriate time periods have elapsed.

  45. Odor Control • Siting—1 mile minimum & downwind from neighbors, land base adequate for manure disposal, good soil drainage, and visibility. • Frequent flushing or scraping. • Solid separation; keep solid stockpiles dry and preferably covered or compost them.

  46. continued • Lagoon type—aerobic lagoons produce less odor than anaerobic lagoons. • Lagoon covers. • Windbreaks to reduce airflow across lagoons. • Proper maintenance of the facility inside and out. • Applying manure when the wind is calm and incorporating the manure as soon as possible.

  47. Conclusion

  48. Possible solutions (Nuclear Energy) • Uranium: • Uranium can be extracted from seawater or earth’s crust • It can be extracted from seawater at less than $1000 per pound • Considers $200-400 per pound the best estimate. • In terms of fuel cost per million BTU, he gives (uranium at $400 per pound 1.1 cents , coal $1.25, OPEC oil $5.70, natural gas $3-4.) • http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.htm

  49. Nuclear Energy • Deposition and energy yield: • Rivers bring more uranium that is 3.2x10^4 tons/yr • we can extract 16,000 tons/yr of uranium from seawater • It would supply 25 times the world's present electricity usage • http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.html

  50. Nuclear Energy • Availability • Seawater contains 3.3x10^(-9) (3.3 parts per billion) of uranium • So the 1.4x10^18 tons of seawater contains 4.6x10^9 tons of uranium • All the world's electricity usage, 650GWe could therefore be supplied by the uranium in seawater for 7 million years http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.html

More Related