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Early Chordates, Craniate and vertebrate origins

Part 1. Where does it start?. Early Chordates, Craniate and vertebrate origins. Phylum Chordata. Animal Kingdom. Vertebrates over here. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle). Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata. Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws).

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Early Chordates, Craniate and vertebrate origins

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  1. Part 1 Where does it start? Early Chordates, Craniate and vertebrate origins

  2. Phylum Chordata

  3. Animal Kingdom Vertebrates over here

  4. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle Phylum Chordata

  5. Pikaia – a very early (fossil) chordate

  6. Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Chordata - Origins Phylum Hemichordata

  7. Carpoids Fossil echinoderms …..a link between non-chordates and chordates?

  8. Deuterostomia Ambulacraria Hemichordata Chaetognatha Echinodermata Xenoturbellida Chordata Enteropneusta Xenoturbella Pterobranchia Loss of gill slits Pentaradiality Postanal tail Buccal diverticulum Endoskeleton of stereom ossicles Hooded circlet of spines around mouth Mesocoelomic ducts Notochord Endostyle or thyroid gland Coelom tripartite Axial complex Unique larval morphology Diffuse nervous system Unusual ciliary structure Mouth not derived from blastopore Enterocoely Gill slits in pharynx Radial determinate cleavage

  9. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle 5 traits define all chordates

  10. Protochordata Agnatha Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) 5 traits define all chordates Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Slime glands, accessory hearts *notochord *dorsal hollow nerve cord *pharyngeal slits *postanal tail *endostyle Neural crest

  11. Chordate Traits Endostyle

  12. Adaptive significance Gill arches Vertebral Column Complex central Nervous system

  13. Pikaia– a very early (fossil) chordate

  14. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle Phylum Chordata

  15. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle “Protochordates”

  16. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle Craniates

  17. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle Vertebrates

  18. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle “Fishes”

  19. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle “Fishes”: 6 distinct lineages

  20. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Tetrapods Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle

  21. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle Amphibians

  22. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Amniotes Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle

  23. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle Mammals (Synapsida)

  24. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin n epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle Diapsida (“reptiles” + birds)

  25. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle

  26. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amniota (tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Reptilia Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Testudines (turtles) Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes) Aves (birds) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Crocodilia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Skull with upper and lower temporal fenestra, Beta-keratin in epidermis Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Egg with extraembryonic membranes Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle

  27. “Protochordates” Not craniates – but the same phylum

  28. Subphylum Cephalochordata lancetes, amphioxus

  29. notochord nerve cord perforated pharynx endostyle post-anal tail

  30. Subphylum Craniata

  31. Subphylum Craniata

  32. Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life cycle) Craniata (euchordates with a cranium) = Vertebrata Vertebrata Gnathostomata (Craniata with jaws) Teleostomi (bony fishes + tetrapods) Protochordata Agnatha Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Craniata Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Urochordata (tunicates) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Mammalia (mammals) Sarcopterygii (lungfishes, coelacanths) Amphibia Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hair, mammary glands Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Suckerlike oral disc, long larval stage, 7 pairs of gills Heterocercal caudal fin, placoid scales, cartilaginous skeleton Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion Slime glands, accessory hearts Unique supportive elements in skeleton or girdles of appendages Lung or swimbladder derived from gut, bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 pairs semicircular canals, paired appendages, gill filaments lateral to gill support 2 pairs semicircular canals, vertebrae Distinct head and tripartite brain, paired specialized sense organs, 1 pair semicircular canals, glomerular kidney, ectodermal placodes Neural crest Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle

  33. Vertebrata Craniata

  34. Craniate innovations Cranium

  35. Craniate innovations Tripartite brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

  36. Craniate innovations Complex Cranial Sense organs Olfaction Vision Hearing (otic)

  37. Craniate innovations Inner ear with at least one semicircular canal

  38. Craniate innovations ? Unique embryonic tissues neural crest cells ectodermal placodes

  39. Acraniate Chordate Craniate

  40. Very early craniates (probably) †Myllokunmingia † Haikouichthys †others

  41. Very early craniates (probably) †Myllokunmingia † Haikouichthys †others

  42. Relationships under debate †Myllokunmingia † Haikouichthys

  43. Most primitive (living) craniate Hagfishes

  44. Vertebrata Craniata

  45. Vertebrata Vertebrates

  46. Vertebrate innovations Vertebrae

  47. Vertebrate innovations Inner ear with at least two semicircular canals

  48. Vertebrate innovations All sorts of new physiology

  49. Most primitive living vertebrate Lampreys

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