1 / 40

SOLUTIONS

SOLUTIONS. A solution is a homogeneous mixture ; particles are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. Amounts may vary between solutions (variable proportions) But The ratio of amounts is the same throughout a particular solution

shirin
Download Presentation

SOLUTIONS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. SOLUTIONS A solution is a homogeneous mixture; particles are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. Amounts may vary between solutions (variable proportions) But The ratio of amounts is the same throughout a particular solution For instance, you might like a little sugar in your Koolaid or a lot, but within a glass of Koolaid, the sugar is mixed evenly

  2. SOLUTIONS, cont. A liquid solution is clear. The particles are not visible, do not settle, and can not be filtered. • A solution differs from a suspension in that the particles of a suspension are visible, can be filtered, and settle. • A solution differs from a colloid in that the particles of a colloid exhibit Tyndall effect., yet do not settle. • Remember… • (TYNDALL effect: the scattering of light by particles such as headlights in fog, flashlight through Jello or dilute milk) • A solution will not exhibit the Tyndall effect.

  3. Cherry Kool-aid • Red powder: flavor and color • White crystals: sugar • Clear liquid: water • One substance dissolved in another • Solute: the substance being dissolved • Solvent: the substance that dissolves the solute • Sugar is the SOLUTE (smaller quantity) • Water is the SOLVENT (larger quantity)

  4. Types of Solutions • Gas (solvent is gas) • Gas into Gas: air • Liquid into Gas: humidity • Solid into Gas: air pollution • Liquid (solvent is liquid) • Gas into Liquid: pop • Liquid into Liquid: vinegar • Solid into Liquid: sweet tea • Solid (solvent is solid) • Gas into Solid: absorbent charcoal • Liquid into Solid: dental fillings • Solid into Solid: alloys of metal

  5. The Dissolving Process • Two factors affect the dissolving process: dissolution • The constant motion of the particles (There’s that good old kinetic molecular theory again!) • The polarity of the solute and solvent (Recall that polarity is when a compound has partial charges because of uneven distribution of charges)

  6. Steps of the Dissolving Process • Moving solvent particles cluster around solute molecules or particles at the surface of the solid. • Solvent molecules pull solute off of the solid surface and into solution. • Moving solvent particles continue to spread solute evenly throughout the solution, The process repeats itself as fresh layers of the solute are exposed.

  7. Solvent particles cluster around solute particles at the surface. • Solvent particles pull solute particles away from surface, into solution. • Moving solute particles continue to spread solute evenly through solution. MOLECULAR

  8. Solvent particles cluster around solute particles at the surface. • Solvent particles pull solute particles away from surface, into solution. • Moving solute particles continue to spread solute evenly through solution. IONIC

  9. IONIC COMPOUNDS • When an ionic substance dissolves in water, the forces of the solvent pulling on the ions is stronger than the forces holding the ions together. • The ions separate. This is called DISSOCIATION • Because charged ions are present in an ionic solution, ionic solutions conduct electricity and are called ELECTROLYTES. • EXAMPLE: NaCl

  10. MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS • Certain polar substances form ions when they dissolve in water. This process is called IONIZATION. • Because ions are formed, the solution conducts electricity. • These substance are also ELECTROLYTES. • EXAMPLE: HCl, HC2H3O2

  11. MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS • Other polar substances do not ionize in water. • Because ions are not formed, the solution does not conduct electricity. • These substances that do not ionize in water and do not conduct electricity are called NON-ELECTROLYTES. • EXAMPLE: sugar

  12. ELECTROLYTES: substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water • Ionic substances that separate into ions (dissociate) or polar molecular substances that form ions (ionization) when dissolved conduct electricity and are called ELECTROLYTES.

  13. Review • A substance whose water solutions do not conduct electricity is a non-electrolyte. • Many covalent compounds • A substance that separates into ions (dissociates) or forms ions (ionizes) in a water solution conducts electricity and is called an electrolyte • All ionic and some covalent compounds

  14. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF DISSOLUTION

  15. Think BIG Recall the Pop and Mentos experiment! The pop “explodes” because the dissolved gas rapidly leaves the solution because the candy gives it surfaces to collect on (nucleation sites).

  16. Particles in Solutions • Solvents with non-polar molecules dissolve non-polar substances • Oil, grease, dry cleaning fluid, paint, turpentine • Solvents with polar molecules dissolve polar substances • Water dissolves sugar, ionic compounds • LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE

  17. Terms • Soluble: capable of being dissolved in a particular solvent • Insoluble: incapable of being dissolved in a particular solvent • Miscible: liquids that dissolve freely in any proportion • Immiscible: liquids that are not soluble in each other

  18. Detergents and emulsifiers • Grease is non-polar • Water is polar • DETERGENT has • A non-polar end that dissolves the grease • A polar end that dissolves in the water to rinse it away NONPOLAR DETERGENTPOLAR GREASE WATER

  19. CRAFTY CHEMISTRY Artists use physical properties to create inspiring beauty! ART and SCIENCE

  20. Solubility • There are limits to the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature • There are some general terms: • Unsaturated • Saturated • Super-saturated

  21. Unsaturated • a solution that can dissolve more of a given solute at a certain temperature • A crystal of solute added to an unsaturated solution will dissolve • When you add a second spoon of sugar to your cup of tea, it dissolves. The tea was an unsaturated solution.

  22. Saturated • a solution that has dissolved all of the solute that it can at a certain temperature • A crystal of solute added to a saturated solution will drop to the bottom, un-dissolved. • When you add three spoons of sugar to your tea, some sugar drops to the bottom, undissolved. It is a saturated solution. • DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM exists: • changing but balanced. • Some solid dissolves, but as some dissolves, some re-crystallizes

  23. Super-saturated • an unstable solution that contains more solute than a saturated solution at a certain temperature • A crystal of solute added to a super-saturated solution will cause crystallization. So will any disruption of the unstable solution. • Make a saturated solution at an elevated temperature and cool it slowly. At the lower temperature, the solute will remain dissolved in an unstable situation. If disrupted, the solute crystallizes. • Hot-packs and rock candy

  24. SOLUBILITY CURVE Max g of solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature

  25. Concentration: the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution • Dilute: a relatively small amount of solute in a relatively large amount of solvent • Concentrated: a relatively large amount of solute in a relatively small amount of solvent • We can do better!

  26. Percent by volume • mL of solute /100 mL of solution

  27. Percent by mass • g of solute/100 mL of solution

  28. PPM and PPB • x/1,000,000 • x/1,000,000,000 • Serial dilutions are often used • 1x, 10x, 100x, 1000x, etc.

  29. Mass per volume • g solute/1000 mL solution

  30. Dilutions: a concentrated solution is diluted by adding more solvent to get the desired concentration. M1V1 = M2V2 Moles before dilution = Moles after dilution • M = molarity = mol/L • V = volume = L • M x V = mol/L x L = # mol of solute

  31. Dilutions: a concentrated solution is diluted by adding more solvent to get the desired concentration. • The # of moles before dilution is equal to the # of moles after dilution. The same # of moles is present in more solvent. The concentration (M, molarity) changes, the volume (V) changes, but not the # of moles of solute (M x V). • Volume units may vary from L, but must be consistent within problem. • So, M1V1 = M2V2 • SEE EXAMPLE PROBLEMS

  32. Colligative Properties • Colligative…sounds like collective • The number or concentration of dissolved particles affects properties of solution • It does not matter WHAT the particles are • It only matters HOW MANY particles there are • Collectively (all together) the amount of the particles has an effect

  33. Boiling Point Elevation • The more particles of solute dissolved in a solution, the higher the boiling point. • More particles of solute at the surface mean fewer solvent particles can vaporize, thus raising the boiling point. • EX] antifreeze dissolved in the coolant of our cars raises the boiling point to keep our engine from overheating.

  34. Freezing Point Depression • The more particles of solute dissolved in a solution, the lower the freezing point. • More particles of solute interfere with crystal formation, lowering the freezing point. • EX] antifreeze dissolved in the coolant of our cars lowers the freezing point to keep our engine running in cold weather • EX] Salt on the sidewalks melts the ice

More Related