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Microbial Flora of Human Body (Normal Flora)

Microbial Flora of Human Body (Normal Flora). Amar Sunil Lobo Lecturer Department of Microbiology Yenepoya Medical College. NORMAL FLORA:.

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Microbial Flora of Human Body (Normal Flora)

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  1. Microbial Flora of Human Body (Normal Flora) Amar Sunil Lobo Lecturer Department of Microbiology Yenepoya Medical College

  2. NORMAL FLORA: These are mixture of micro-organisms regularly found at any anatomical site on or within the body of a healthy person.

  3. Factors influencing normal flora: • The makeup of the normal flora depends upon various factors, including: • Genetics • Age • Sex • Stress • Nutrition • Diet • Antiobiotic & other drugs

  4. Normal Microbial Flora: • 1. Resident Flora: • Microbes that are always present on or within body • 2. Transient Flora: • Microbes that live in or on your body for a period of time (hours, days, weeks, months) then move on or die off

  5. Anatomical sites involved: • Skin • Eyes (i.e Conjunctiva) • Nose (i.e Respiratory tract) • Mouth (i.e Human Oral Cavity) • Ears • Genitourinary tract • Alimentary canal

  6. EXAMPLES OF TISSUE TROPISM OF SOME BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH HUMANS

  7. Normal flora of Skin: • Important bacteria: 1. Staphylococcus epidermidis 2. Micrococcus sp. 3. Corynebacterium sp. 4. Mycobacterium smegmatis

  8. Normal Flora of the Conjunctiva: 1. Staphylococcus epidermidis 2. Corynebacterium spp. 3. Propoinibacterium acnes) 4. Staphylococcus aureus 5. Viridans streptococci 6. Neisseria spp. 7. Haemophilus influenzae

  9. Normal Flora of the Respiratory Tract: A). The nares (nostrils) : 1. Staphylococcus epidermidis 2. Corynebacteriaspp. 3. Staphylococcus aureus 4. Neisseria spp. 5. Haemophilus spp. 6. Streptococcus pneumoniae

  10. Normal Flora of the Respiratory Tract: B) The upper respiratory tract (nasopharynx): 1. Non-hemolytic streptococci 2. Alpha-hemolytic streptococci 3. Neisseria spp. 4. Streptococcus pneumoniae 5. Streptococcus pyogenes 6. Haemophilus influenzae 7. Neisseria meningitidis

  11. Normal Flora of the Respiratory Tract: C) The lower respiratory tract:(trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary tissues): • Usually sterile. • The individual may become susceptible to infection by pathogens descending from the nasopharynx: e.g. H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae

  12. Sputum Sample:

  13. Normal Flora of the Human Oral Cavity: Oral bacteria include: 1. Viridans streptococci 2. Lactobacilli 3. Staphylococci (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) 4. Corynebacterium sp. 5. Bacteroides sp. 6. Streptococcus sanguis (dental plaque) 7. Streptococcus mutans (dental plaque) 8. Actinomyces sp.

  14. The Normal Flora of The Ears (i.e. external ear) The external ears contains a variety of microorganisms. These include: 1. Staphylococcus epidermidis 2. Staphylococcus aureus 3. Corynebacterium sp

  15. Normal flora of the Urogenital Tract: a) The anterior urethra: 1. Staphylococcus epidermidis 2. Enterococcusfaecalis 3. Alpha-hemolytic streptococci. 4. Some enteric bacteria (e.g. E. coli, Proteus sp.) 5. Corynebacteria sp. 6. Acinetobacter sp. 7. Mycoplasma sp. 8. Candida sp. 9. Mycobacterium smegmatis

  16. Normal flora of the Urogenital Tract: b) The vagina: 1. Corynebacterium sp. 2. Staphylococci 3. Non-pyogenic streptococci 4. Escherichia coli 5. Lactobacillus acidophilus* 6. Flavobacterium sp. 7. Clostridium sp. 8. Viridans streptococci 9. OtherEnterobacteria

  17. Vaginal Flora:

  18. Urethritis:

  19. Normal flora - Gastrointestinal tract

  20. Normal Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT): • In breast-fed infants : 1. Bifidobacteria account for more than 90% of the total intestinal bacteria. 2. Enterobacteriaceae 3. Enterococci 4. Bacteroides 5. Staphylococci 6. Lactobacilli 7. Clostridia

  21. Normal Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT): • In bottle-fed infants: • Bifidobacteria are not predominant. When breast-fed infants are switched to a diet of cow's milk or solid food, bifidobacteria are progressively joined by: 1. Enterics 2. Bacteroides 3. Enterococci 4. Lactobacilli 5. Clostridia

  22. Normal Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT): In the upper GIT of adult humans mainly acid-tolerant lactobacilli present: e.g. Helicobacter pylori

  23. Normal Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT): • The proximal small intestine: 1. Lactobacilli 2. Enterococcus faecalis 3. Coliforms 4. Bacteroides

  24. The flora of the large intestine (colon): 1. Enterococci 2. Clostridia 3. Lactobacilli 4. Bacteroides 5. Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacterium bifidum) 6. Escherichia coli 7. Methanogenic bacteria 8. Viridans streptococci 9. Staphylococcus sp. 10. Proteus sp. 11. Candida albicans (Yeast) 12. Mycoplama sp.

  25. THE ROLE/ BENEFITS OF THE NORMAL FLORA: 1. The normal flora synthesize and excrete vitaminsin excess of their own needs, which can be absorbed as nutrients by the host. For example, enteric bacteria secrete Vitamin K and Vitamin B12, and lactic acid bacteria produce certain B-vitamins.

  26. THE ROLE/ BENEFITS OF THE NORMAL FLORA: 2. The normal flora prevent colonization by pathogens by competing for attachment sites or for essential nutrients.  This important beneficial effect, which has been demonstrated in the oral cavity, the intestine, the skin, and the vaginal epithelium.

  27. THE ROLE/ BENEFITS OF THE NORMAL FLORA: 3. The normal flora may antagonize other bacteria through the production of substances which inhibit or kill non-indigenous species. The intestinal bacteria produce a variety of substances like nonspecific fatty acids, peroxides and highly specific bacteriocins, which inhibit or kill other bacteria.

  28. THE ROLE/ BENEFITS OF THE NORMAL FLORA: 4. The normal flora stimulates the development of certain tissues, i.e., the caecum (in animals) and certain lymphatic tissues (Peyer's patches) in the GI tract. The caecum of germ-free animals is enlarged, thin-walled, and fluid-filled, compared to that organ in  conventional animals.

  29. THE ROLE/ BENEFITS OF THE NORMAL FLORA: 5. The normal flora stimulates the production of “cross-reactive antibodies’’. Since the normal flora behave as antigens in an animal, they induce an antibody-mediated immune (AMI) response.  Low levels of antibodies produced against components of the normal flora are known to cross react with certain related pathogens, and thereby prevent infection or invasion.

  30. Sterile tissues: In a healthy human, the internal tissues such as: • blood • brain • muscle • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are normally free of microorganisms.

  31. Role of Microbiologist: Accurate diagnosis: by Rapid/ quick, meaningful reporting Role of Physician: Proper treatment with antimicrobial regimen/ standard guidelines by avoiding overuse*/ misuse of antimicrobials * by treating pathogen, NOT the normal flora!!

  32. NATURAL MICROBIAL HABITATS Soil Water Air Animals and Animal Products

  33. HOST Host-Parasite Interactions DISEASE TRIAD PATHOGEN ENVIRONMENT Microbial Interactions OTHER MICROBES

  34. Symbiotic Relationship: • 1. Mutualistic/ mutualism: • Both organisms benefit – “mutually benefical” • 2. Commensalistic/ commensalism: • One organism benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed • 3. Opportunistic: • Under normal conditions, microbe does not cause disease, but if conditions become conducive , it can cause disease. (Immuno-compromised or immuno-suppressed conditions)

  35. Mutualistic: • Escherichia coli : • Synthesizes Vitamin K & B complex Vitamins • In return, we provide a warm, moist nutrient rich environment for Escherichia coli

  36. Commensalistic: • We have no Commensalistic relationships with Bacteria • If Bacteria are in or on our body, they are either helping us (Microbial Antagonism) or harming us.

  37. Opportunistic: • Escherichia coli - normally in our digestive tract where it causes no problems, but if it gets into the urinary tract it can become pathogenic. • Staphylococcus aureus– commonly found in the upper respiratory tract, but if it gets into a wound or a burn it can become pathogenic

  38. Probiotics/ Prebiotics: • Probiotic: • Oral administration of living organisms to promote health • Species specific: adherence and growth (tropism) • Prebiotic: • Non-digestible food that stimulates growth or activity of GI microbiota, especially bifidobacteria and lactobacillus bacteria • Typically a carbohydrate: soluble fiber

  39. Gnotobiology: • Gnotobiotic animals: “germfree” (axenic) • Fetus is sterile • Cesarean sections to obtain fetus • Fetus growing in sterile isolator • Not anatomically or physiologically normal • Poorly developed lymphoid system, thin intestinal wall, enlarged cecum, low antibody titers • Die of intestinal atonia ( motility problem) • Require vitamin K and B complexes • No dental caries or plaque • More susceptible to pathogens

  40. KEY QUESTIONS: 1. Define normal microbial flora. Mention the role/ benefits of normal flora in human body. 2. Normal flora of mouth and upper respiratory tract. 3. Normal flora of skin. 4. Normal flora of gastro-intestinal tract. 5. Normal flora of genitourinary tract.

  41. THANK YOU

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