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W E L C O M E

W E L C O M E. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited. UNSCHEDULE INTERCHANGE. It's more than what meets the eye!!!!. WHAT’S OUR OBJECTIVE?. ECONOMIC OPERATION OF THE GRID PROMOTE TRADE STABILITY OF THE GRID ROBUST SETTLEMENT SYSTEM COMMERCIAL MECHANISM WHICH COMPLEMENTS SECURITY

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W E L C O M E

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  1. W E L C O M E Power Grid Corporation of India Limited

  2. UNSCHEDULE INTERCHANGE It's more than what meets the eye!!!!

  3. WHAT’S OUR OBJECTIVE? • ECONOMIC OPERATION OF THE GRID • PROMOTE TRADE • STABILITY OF THE GRID • ROBUST SETTLEMENT SYSTEM • COMMERCIAL MECHANISM WHICH COMPLEMENTS SECURITY • SEAMLESS CHANGE PROCESS • FREEDOM

  4. LET’S SEE HOW THE UI MECHANISM OF ABT TAKES ON MANY AVATARS The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing …… —Greek poet Archilochus

  5. THE MANY AVATARS • PROMOTING TRADE • COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT • OPEN ACCESS • BALANCING/SPOT MARKET • ROBUST SETTLEMENT MECHANISM • NASH EQUILIBRIUM • ULTIMATE OPTIMISER • OPEN AND FAIR MARKET PLACE • WIN-WIN PLATFORM

  6. IT’S SIMPLICITY ITSELF! • INEXPENSIVE TO IMPLEMENT • MINIMUM LOGISTICS • METERING IN PLACE IN MOST PLACES • PRICE SIGNAL AVAILABLE AT ANY POWER OUTLET ! • EASY SETTLEMENT • EASE OF REGULATION

  7. THE PROBLEMS EARLIER…. • ERRATIC FREQUENCY • LOW VOLTAGES • FREQUENT DISTURBANCES • OVER/UNDER DRAWALS CAUSING CONSTRAINTS • INDISCIPLINED SYSTEM OPERATION • ARCHAIC SETTLEMENT SYSTEM

  8. AVAILABILITY TARIFF A RATIONAL TARIFF STRUCTURE SCIENTIFIC SETTLEMENT SYSTEM

  9. WHAT IS AVAILABILITY TARIFF? • PAYMENT OF FIXED COST DEPENDS ON PLANT AVAILABILITY( ie.. MW DELIVERING CAPACITY). • VARIABLE COST IS PAID DEPENDING ON THE ‘SCHEDULED GENERATION’ • ANY DEVIATIONS FROM THE SCHEDULE ATTRACTS A FREQUENCY LINKED CHARGE.

  10. UI : THE GENESIS • ABT IMPLEMENTED IN SOUTHERN REGION ON 1st January, 2003 • UI ‘ TURNOVER’ AMOUNTS TO RS XXXX CRORES TILL XXOCT03 • INTER-REGIONAL UI TRANSACTION : RS YYY CRORES • HIGHEST UI TRANSACTION IN A DAY (INTER REGIONAL) = ZZ MU, RS 107 LAKHS • HIGHEST UI TRANSACTION IN A DAY (INTRA REGIONAL) = DD MU, RS SSS LAKHS

  11. THE AVATARS OF UI • TRADITIONAL • SETTLEMENT OF DEVIATIONS • GRID DISCIPLINE • PRICE/OPTIMISATION VECTOR • SPOT MARKET • BALANCING MARKET • MERIT ORDER OPERATION • SETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK • PUMPED STORAGE • MERCHANT GENERATOR • CAPTIVE POWER PLANT • DISCOMS • ARBITRAGE • CATALYST FOR COALITION • CO-OPERATION THROUGH NON-CO-OPERATION • SELF HEALING MECHANISM’ • TRANSPARENCY • IMPOSSIBLE TO RIG PRICES • NEUTRALITY • PSEUDO COMPETITOR • PAYMENT SECURITY THROUGH THE POOL

  12. THE BASIC PREMISE OF UI HELPING THE GRID GETS REWARDED, HURTING THE GRID IS PENALISED

  13. FREQUENCY BASED DESPATCH

  14. THE CAPTIVE POWER PLANT • HUGE CAPACITY IS BOTTLED UP FOR WANT OF • COMMERCIAL ARRANGEMENTS • FLEXIBILITY • REGULATION • SCHEDULING MECHANISM BETWEEN SEB/TRANSCO/DISCOM AND CPP • DEVIATIONS (UI) TO BE PAID @ RATE DEPENDING ON THE FREQUENCY

  15. AN EVERY DAY EXAMPLE CONDITIONS 1)30 MW MINIMUM DEMAND 2)70 MW MAX DEMAND FOR 2 MONTHS SEB CPP + STEEL PLANT CAPACITY : 2X65 MW RATE : 100p/UNIT REQUIREMENT : 120±10 MW CAPABILITY : 120 MW AVAILABILITY: FULL FOR 10 MONTHS, ONE UNIT ON OH FOR 1 MONTH EVERY YEAR REPURCUSSIONS: FOR 10 MONTHS THE CPP RUNS AT PART LOAD OF 90 MW DUE TO CONDITION 1) ABOVE

  16. UI AND THE CPP- ADVANTAGES • ADVANTAGES TO CPP • SIMPLICITY – A FREQUENCY METER IS ALL THAT IS REQUIRED • NO TELEMETRY OR COMMUNICATION WITH SLDC/SEB • NO PRICE TO BE NEGOTIATED • CPP DOES NOT HAVE TO SEARCH FOR BUYER • CPP CAN MAKE A REASONABLE PROFIT. • ADVANTAGES TO SEB/TRANSCO/DISCOM • IMPARTIAL AND UNBIASED SYSTEM • NEED NOT WORRY ABOUT CPP UNDER-GENERATING AT LOW FREQUENCY AND OVER-GENERATING AT HIGH FREQUENCY • FRAMEWORK FOR SETTLEMENT IS ALREADY AVAILABLE A WIN-WIN SITUATION !!!

  17. ABT MECHANISM FOR DISCOMS • GENCO GIVES STATION WISE AVAILABILITY FOR DAY AHEAD • TRANSCO RECIEVES ISGS AVAILABILITY FOR THE DAY AHEAD • TRANSCO BROADCASTS THE SAME TO DISCOMS • DISCOMS REVERT BACK WITH REQUISITIONS • TRANSCO FINALISES AFTER DUE CONSIDERATION (SECURITY ASPECT) • INFORMS ISGS REQUISITIONS TO RLDC. • BROADCASTS FINAL SCHEDULE TO DISCOMS • REVISIONS IF ANY

  18. ADVANTAGES • ECONOMIC OPERATION • CHEAPER GENERATORS ARE ENCOURAGED • ONUS ON DISCOMS TO MANAGE LOADS • REALISTIC REQUISITIONS • CAPTIVES AND IPP’S HARNESSED • GENCO MAINTENANCE SCHEDULES WOULD BE AGRESSIVE • CONTROL OVER UI QUANTUM(HEAVY UNDER/OVER DRAWALS WOULD BE THING OF THE PAST) • CAPACITY ADDITION – INVESTMENT COMMENSURATE WITH LOAD GROWTH

  19. MERCHANT GENERATORS • NO FIXED COST IMPLICATION • LOW CAPITAL COST PLANTS • CO-GENERATIVES/RENEWABLES ETC • NOT ‘TIED’ BY PPA • TREATED MUCH THE SAME AS A CPP • ELECTRICITY ACT 2003 • MAY CONNECT TO ANY LEVEL IN THE GRID • OPEN ACCESS IMPLICATIONS • DEPENDS SOLELY ON UI MECHANISM TO RECOVER COSTS (FIXED+VARIABLE+PROFIT)

  20. PUMP STORAGE PLANTS • A CRUCIAL ELEMENT IN MAXIMISING PAYOFFS IN ABT • DEPLETED HYDRO RESOURCES • SET THRESHOLDS FOR PUMPING AND GENERATING MODES DEPENDING ON LOSS/VARIABLE COST • PLANT OPERATOR DECIDES WHEN TO GENERATE/PUMP DEPENDING ON FREQUENCY( SAY GENERATE AT F <50 HZ AND PUMP AT F > 50.2 HZ ) • FLEXIBILITY AND CAPABILITY TO CHANGE MODES FAST IS THE KEY • THE ‘STORED’ POWER IS USED TO GENERATE IN PEAK ( LOW FREQ) • WATER IS RECYCLED MANY TIMES OVER • EXAMPLE:- KADAMPARAI PUMPED STORAGE SCHEME IN TN HAS A RESERVOIR CAPACITY OF 20 MU, BUT THE TOTAL GENERATION ACHIEVED THIS YEAR IS MORE THAN 500 MU)

  21. GENERATORS :-NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES • VARIATION IN VARIABLE CHARGES DUE TO NATURE OF FUEL • DIFFICULTY IN ENTERING INTO PPA’s/CONTRACTS • SEASONAL VARIATION IN GENERATION • UI MARKET PLACE PROVIDES A SEAMLESS PLATFORM FOR TRANSACTIONS • THE PLANT OPERATOR DECIDES AT WHAT FREQUENCY TO GENERATES DEPENDING ON VARIABLE CHARGES

  22. THE TRADING FRAME WORK CTU_NORTH RLDC CTU_NE CTU – INTER REGION RLDC CTU_EAST CTU_WEST RLDC RLDC STU STU RLDC STU NLDC CTU_SOUTH

  23. INTER-REGIONAL ARBITRAGEHOW IT WORKS

  24. GAME THEORY CONCEPTS • MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PEOPLE. • THESE INTERACTIONS ARE CALLED GAMES. • GAMES ARE PLAYED BY RATIONAL PEOPLE. • RATIONAL PLAYERS IN A GAME LOOK TO MAXIMISING THEIR INDIVIDUAL PAY-OFF’s. • AN EQUILIBRIUM POINT IS REACHED WHEN ANY PLAYER CANNOT INCREASE HIS PAYOFF UNILATERALLY. • THIS IS REFFERED TO AS A ‘NASH’ EQUILIBRIUM AFTER ITS PROPONENT JOHN NASH. • SOME OF THE TYPES OF GAMES ARE • ZERO SUM GAME • CO-OPERATIVE/NON CO-OPERATIVE GAMES • REPETITIVE GAMES • GAME THEORY CONCEPTS ARE USED TO MODEL HUMAN BEHAVIOUR/STRATEGIES IN A COMPETITIVE MARKET • THESE CONCEPTS CAN FIND PARALLELS IN THE UI MARKETPLACE

  25. GAME THORY AND UI • ZERO SUM GAME :- Σ OF EVERY PLAYERS UI IS ZERO • REPETITIVE GAME :- PLAYED EVERY 15 MTS (ONE TIME BLOCK OF ABT) • NON-CO-OPERATIVE GAME :- EVERY PLAYER LOOKS TO MAXIMISING PAYOFF – ‘…. ITS’ HUMAN TO WANT MORE….!!!’ • EQUILIBRIA IS REACHED BETWEEN 49 AND 50.5 HZ- STEADY STATE FREQUENCY • MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIUM POINTS IN THE RANGE • THIS EXPLAINS WHY AN UI MARKET OF A FEW CRORES REGULATES A MARKET MORE THAN A THOUSAND TIMES ITS SIZE!

  26. UI : FUTURE REFINEMENTS • TIGHTEN THE FREQUENCY RANGE • TIME-OF-DAY ELEMENT • CHANGE THE SLOPE

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