Using Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal extracts as bioherbicides

1. Using Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal extracts as bioherbicides Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra University of Idaho

2. Outline • Background • Introduction to Brassicaceae seed meals • Justification • Greenhouse seed meal extract study

3. Research at UI Interdisciplinary research for obtaining • EPA registration • Use patents for Brassicaceae seed meals (yellow mustard and oriental mustard) and their extracts involving soil, weed, entomology, and plant breeding sciences

4. % of farmed acres in US certified organic

5. Number of organic acres farmed per state

6. Organic Farming Research Foundation, www.ofrf.org

7. Brassicaceae crops Mustard Rapeseed Canola Broccoli Cauliflower Kale Morra, 2007; Univ. of Idaho

8. Biological & Agricultural Engineering

9. 28 – 40%

11. > 120 Glucosinolate Morra, 2007; Univ. of Idaho

12. Introduction Glucosinolates • enzymatically degrade into 2° compounds • water soluble anions Glucosinolate + H2O Enzyme (myrosinase)

13. Introduction • Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) 4-hydroxy-benzyl (~148 μmol/g)Ionic thiocyanate (SCNˉ)(~165 μmol/g) • Canola (Brassica napus L.) 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl, etc.Various breakdown products(~17 μ mol/g)

14. Justification and Objectives • Management of weeds one of the most expensive and troublesome aspects of organic agricultural production • Greenhouse study designed to analyze water extracts of yellow mustard seed meal as an effective weed management tool

15. Extraction Experiment

16. Materials and Methods • Factorial design with 6 doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mt/ha) and 8 treatments: • water alone preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) - dry seed meal PRE - dry seed meal POST - extract alone PRE - extract plus organic surfactant (OS) POST - extract plus nonionic synthetic surfactant (NIS) POST - water plus OS POST, and water plus NIS POST

17. Materials and Methods • ‘Yaya’ carrot, common lambsquarters, ‘Baronet’ lettuce, and ‘Cabernet’ spring wheat seeded in rows at 20 seeds/flat • Seed meal applied 3 days after seeding for PRE and at 2 leaf stage for POST treatments • Biomass collected 18 DAT for PRE and POST treatments 2 lf stage for POST treatments

18. Materials and Methods • Statistical analysis -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce and wheat biomass • SAS version 9.1 -Non-linear regression techniques

19. Exponential regression model for biomass analysis Y = A*exp(-B*rate) A - intercept -biomass at a dose = 0 B - rate of change -slope of line between seed meal and seed meal extract doses

20. Yellow mustard seed meal extraction

21. Yellow mustard seed meal extraction Spinning! Hydrolyzed seed meal being poured into GE extractor

22. Yellow mustard seed meal extraction Extract

23. Yellow mustard seed meal extraction Extract

24. 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 Carrot biomass by treatment as a percent of control 120 100 80 Biomass, % of average control 60 40 Dry Seed meal post - emergence Dry seed meal pre - emergence 20 Extract alone Extract plus organic surfactant Extract plus synthetic surfactant 0 Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha

25. Extract plus OS Extract plus NIS Seed meal alone Water alone; 3 mt/ha; 14 DAT

26. GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on carrot

27. 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 Common lambsquarters biomass by treatment as a percent of control 120 100 80 Biomass, % of average control 60 40 Dry Seed meal post - emergence Dry seed meal pre - emergence Extract alone 20 Extract plus organic surfactant Extract plus synthetic surfactant 0 Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha

28. Extract plus OS Extract plus NIS Seed meal alone Water alone; 4 mt/ha; 14 DAT

29. GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on common lambsquarters

30. 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 Lettuce biomass by treatment as a percent of control 120 100 80 Biomass, % of average control 60 40 Dry Seed meal post - emergence Dry seed meal pre - emergence Extract alone 20 Extract plus organic surfactant Extract plus synthetic surfactant 0 Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha

31. Extract plus OS Extract plus NIS Seed meal alone Water alone; 2 mt/ha; 14 DAT

32. GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on lettuce

33. Spring wheat biomass by treatment as a percent of control 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 120 100 80 Biomass, % of average control 60 40 Dry Seed meal post - emergence Dry seed meal pre - emergence 20 Extract alone Extract plus organic surfactant Extract plus synthetic surfactant 0 Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha

34. Extract plus OS Extract plus NIS Seed meal alone Water alone; 4 mt/ha; 14 DAT

35. GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on spring wheat

36. Summary

37. 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

38. Summary The University of Idaho is continuing to explore novel uses of Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal byproducts, for biopesticides and other uses.

39. Acknowledgements • Dr. Thill • Dr. Morra • Dr. Price • Vladimir Borek • USDA - National Research Initiative (NRI) Competitive Grants Program

40. Questions