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Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya

Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya. Olduwan chopper Gadeb, Ethiopia 2.4-1.5 mya. Australopithecus afarensis A.L. 200-1, Hadar Ethiopia ~3 mya. Homo sp. early Homo A.L. 666-1, Hadar Ethiopia 2.3 mya. Australopithecus afarensis AL 288-1, Lucy Hadar, Ethiopia, 3.2 mya.

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Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya

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  1. Homo ergasterWT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya1.6 mya Olduwan chopperGadeb, Ethiopia2.4-1.5 mya

  2. Australopithecus afarensisA.L. 200-1, Hadar Ethiopia~3 mya Homo sp. early Homo A.L. 666-1, Hadar Ethiopia 2.3 mya

  3. Australopithecus afarensisAL 288-1, LucyHadar, Ethiopia, 3.2 mya

  4. Australopithecus afarensisHadar, Ethiopia, ~3 mya • A. afarensis endocranial capacity = 387-550 • consistent morphologies – more apelike than other australopithecines • dimorphism = sexual or increase in size through time?

  5. chimpanzee & A. afarensis share • subnasal prognathism • large anterior dentition • diastema between lateral incisor & canine • confluence of temporal & nuchal lines • broad pneumatized cranial base • note that A. afarensis is distinct from other australopithecines in these traits

  6. the 3rd premolar (P3) in A afarensis = intermediate between chimpanzee 7 modern human morphologies

  7. Australopithecus africanusSts 71, Sterkfontein South Africa, 2.5 mya

  8. Australopithecus sebida, 1.9-1.78 mya South Africa

  9. Australopithecus sediba • endocranial capacity= 420-450 cc • not greater than A. africanus • likely contemporaneous with H. ergaster

  10. Paranthropus boiseiOH 51.8 mya

  11. Homo habilisKNM ER-1813 Koobi Fora, Kenya1.9 mya

  12. Homo habilis - “handy man” • mixed morphologies • not a clearly identifiable taxon • potentially represent multiple species • demonstrates selective pressures & changes

  13. Homo habilis from Koobi Fora KNM-ER 1470, Kenya1.8-1.9 mya KNM ER-1813 Kenya1.9 mya

  14. Homo habilisKNM ER-1813 Koobi Fora, Kenya1.9 mya • small brain (~510 cc) • small teeth • australopithecine-like

  15. Homo habilisKNM-ER 1470, Koobi Fora, Kenya1.8-1.9 mya

  16. Homo habilisKNM-ER 1470, Koobi Fora, Kenya1.8-1.9 mya • large brain (~750 cc) • large teeth

  17. Homo rudolfensis “solution”= create another species

  18. Homo ergasterendocranial capacity = 870 cc

  19. KNM ER 15000, Homo ergaster, Nariokotome, Kenya, 1.5 mya

  20. Homo ergasterWT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya1.6 mya

  21. Homo ergaster, Kenya, 1.6 mya

  22. Homo ergaster • ~1.8-1.7 mya • possibly as late as 600 kya • considered ancestral to all subsequent Homo • increased brain size • increased body size • possibly more modern growth & development

  23. Homo ergaster, Swartskrans, South Africa,1.8-1.9 mya • contemporaneous with P. robustus in South Africa • dental eruption may be more modern • tooth crown formation may be more apelike

  24. Australopithecus afarensisL.H.-4, Laetoli, Tanzania3.6 mya Homo ergaster KNM-ER 992, Kenya ~1.5 mya

  25. Homo ergaster, OH9, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, ~1.2 mya

  26. Homo ergasterKNM-ER 3733, Koobi Fora, Kenya1.75 mya

  27. Homo erectus, Daka, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia, 1-0.8 mya • resembles H. erectusin: • endocranial capacity =995 cc • broad base • sagital keel • resembles H. ergaster in: • thin vault bones • height of vault • no occipital torus

  28. H. Erectus or H. ergaster?, Dmanisi, Georgia, 1.75-2.0 mya

  29. Reorganization of : • limb proportions • longer legs • shorter arms • trunk dimensions • ribcage=more barrel shaped • gut area reduced

  30. Brain • not just an increase in size • differences in brain organization • cognition • thought • emotions • brain is a costly tissue • affects dietary needs • growth & development • birth

  31. Comparative primate allometric expectations of proportions of human organ mass

  32. Human gut lengths short • compared to other primates of our size • longer gut lengths associated with processing high volumes of low-quality foods

  33. Selection on hominins appears to be: • on increased cognition-grow the size of the brain • support that through higher quality foods • and reduction in another costly tissue • the gut • is selection primarily on brains? • or on increased dietary quality?

  34. complex interrelationship between diet, brain size increase, behavior, & morphology

  35. antelope humerus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, ~1.8 mya David Brill

  36. FLK “Zinj” site in Olduvai Gorge, Bed 1 deposits, 1.8-1.76 mya • ~100 bones show cutmarks-percussion marks • 3,500 large mammal bones • 2,500 Olduwan tools • hunting? • scavenging”? • carnivore remains? • natural death?

  37. C. K Brain • questioned associations of bones with australopithecines as food remains • initated modern taphonomic research

  38. Taponomy • complex sources of deposition of animal bones in sites with archaeological remains and hominin fossils • natural death • carnivores • geologic accmualtion • hominins

  39. Cutmarks • identifying stone tool marks • natural scratches • overprinting • excavator marks • using them to understand potential butchering patterns

  40. Cladistics Can get varying relationships depending on emphasis of different traits

  41. multiple contemporaneous hominins-what specializations? Paranthropusboisei Homo rudolfensis Homo ergaster Homo habilis Scientific American 8/25/2003:22-23

  42. Homo ergasterWT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya1.6 mya Acheulean handaxe

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