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Lecture 16 – Psyco 350, A1 Winter, 2011

Lecture 16 – Psyco 350, A1 Winter, 2011. N. R. Brown. Outline. Autobiographical Memory Methods of studying autobiographical memory Retention Factors Organization hierarchical event-to-event & event cueing Retrieval Processes. Autobiographical Memory: Methods. Cue-word Method

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Lecture 16 – Psyco 350, A1 Winter, 2011

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  1. Lecture 16 – Psyco 350, A1Winter, 2011 N. R. Brown Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 1

  2. Outline Autobiographical Memory • Methods of studying autobiographical memory • Retention Factors • Organization • hierarchical • event-to-event & event cueing • Retrieval Processes Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 2

  3. Autobiographical Memory: Methods Cue-word Method • cue word  event memoryi • event memoryi  rate & date Problems? Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 3

  4. Autobiographical Memory: Methods Cue-word Method Problems: • verifying event • dating accuracy • subjectivity of ratings Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 4

  5. Autobiographical Memory: Methods Diary Studies • Diary Phase: Participants record (and rate) events soon after they happen. • Test Phase: recall, cued-recall, recognition, dating rating. Problems? Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 5

  6. Autobiographical Memory: Methods Diary Studies Problems: • restrictions on participants & events • generalizing from diarist to non-diarist • generalizing from recorded events to non-recorded events. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 6

  7. “The” Diary Study: Wagenaar (1986) Diary Phase: • each day for 5 YEARS: record 1 or more events: Test Phase (following 5-yr diary period): • 5 events/day • cued recall: 1 cue  2 cues  3 cues  critical detail Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 7

  8. Wagenaar (1986): Event Coding For each event, specify: • who • what • where • when • critical detail For each event, rate: • salience • involvement • pleasantness Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 8

  9. Wagenaar (1986): Results Event Age affects event memory • cued recall:  w/ age • cued recall still well above chance after 5 years Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 9

  10. Wagenaar (1986): Results Affect affects event memory: • recall  w/ emotional involvement • recall  w/ pleasantness • unpleasant memories poorly recalled at first. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 10

  11. Wagenaar (1986): Results Distinctiveness affects event memory: • cued recall  salience Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 11

  12. AM: Retention Factors • Event Age • Level of Affect • Distinctiveness • Long-term importance Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 12

  13. Retention Factors Event Age: more recent events better recalled than older events. • Reasons: decay, interference, retrieval failure, consolidation failure Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 13

  14. Retention Factors Level of Affect: events that elicit strong emotional response better recalled than those that do not. • affect related to vividness of initial encoding, rehearsal/importance Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 14

  15. Retention Factors Distinctiveness: distinctive/unique events tend to be remember better than mundane/repetitive events • Reasons: • mundane events tend to be schematized • for unique events, content-based retrieval cue accesses only one event memory. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 15

  16. Retention Factors Long-term Importance: important events tend to be better recalled than unimportant events. • Reasons: • Importance related to level of overt/covert rehearsal • Important event have more “structural” support – elaboration, organization Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 16

  17. Organization of AM Organization of AM Why understanding organization is important? • directs/facilities search/retrieval through AM • reflects encoding/post-encoding processing Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 17

  18. Hierarchical Organization Life Periods • temporally limited, thematically defined, concurrent • High school years, Turkey period, PhD years… Event Clusters/General Events • personal narratives, mini-histories, event sequences, generic/repeated events • My trip to Japan, my Candidacy Exam story, breakfasts… Individual Events Note: many levels of nesting possible: subsub-eventsubeventevent Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 18

  19. Conway’s Model Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 19

  20. Conway’s Self Memory System (SMS) Model • Life-time period: • represents general knowledge about characteristics of a period • when I was at university, high school. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 20

  21. Conway’s Self Memory System (SMS) Model • General events: • associated events linked by a common theme (e.g., my trip to Toronto), or repeated events (my breakfasts). Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 21

  22. Conway’s Self Memory System (SMS) Model • Event-specific knowledge: • sensory-perceptual episodic memories (e.g.,car accident when returning from Toronto). Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 22

  23. Conway’s SMS Model:An Example of a Retrieval Process • Cue-word: Computer • “Thinking about the times when I was at the university” (life-time period) • “I am thinking of my first year IntroPsych classes (general events) • “the computer was broken in the middle of the experiment I took part last week (ESK) Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 23

  24. An Alternative Organization (Schank; Reiser) Activity-based Organization • Event memories associated w/ activity concepts they embody. • Retrieval: • start with event-type and specify additional features. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 24

  25. Horizontal Organization Horizontal organization = event-to-event links Horizontal links, often assumed, but little studied. Issues: • Do event-to-event links exist? • How are events linked horizontally? • How are links created/maintained? Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 25

  26. Horizontal Organization: Two General Positions Special Narrative Processing Position • created ONLY by narrative processing given to important life stories Matter-of-Course Position • normal memory processing • higher-level cognitive processing • planning, evaluation, comprehension • narration Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 26

  27. Studying Event-to-event Organization Existing Methods Word & phase cueing and diaries • fundamental problem: data for single events only “tell me a story” method • fundamental problems: selection bias, schema-driven reconstruction. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 27

  28. Studying Event-to-event Organization Nonetheless, intuition, tell-me-a-story studies indicate: • Event memories often part of larger narratives Issues: • Determine “event cluster” prevalence • Understand clustering process(es) Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 28

  29. Studying E-to-E Organization: Event-cueingBrown & Schopflocher (1998) General Method: Cueing event: auto event1 [E1]  Cued event: auto event2 [E2] Assumption: E1 & E2 often associated Implication: pattern of E1 E2 relations reflects underlying organization Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 29

  30. Brown & Schopflocher (1998) Two groups (during Phase 1 only): word-cued group important-event group Five Phases: • generate cueing events • event-cueing task • relations-coding task • event-dating task • Importance-rating task Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 30

  31. Phase 1Important-Events Condition • E1 acquisition: Prompt event1 [E1] • task: to recall important personal event • (e.g., my mom and telling me that my dad was going to move out) • 14 trials • Retrieval time was measured • Memories (E1s) were typed • 72 undergrads Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 31

  32. Phase 1Word-Cue Condition • E1 acquisition: Cue word event1 [E1] • task: to recall a personal event related to the cue word • CAR when I was 15, I stole a car. • 14 nouns • Retrieval time was measured • Memories (E1s) were typed • 73 undergrads Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 32

  33. Phase 2Event-cueing Task • Identical for both important-events and word-cue conditions • E2 acquisition: event1 [E1] event2 [E2] • My mom and dad telling me my dad was going to move out [E1] Dad leaving a note on my pillow saying bye [E2] . • All E1s served as cues • Retrieval time was measured • Memories (E2s) were typed Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 33

  34. Sample Responses: Word-Cued Condition 4 2 1 1 letter this reminds me of the first letter I wrote to my best friend in Toronto • 4 2 1 1 letter When she wrote back telling me that she was returning to Edmonton • 4 2 2 0 book • 4 2 2 0 book • 4 2 3 1 flower When I bought my mother flowers for one of her birthdays • 4 2 3 1 flower I remember the huge hug I received in return from my mother • 4 2 4 1 game The first game I ever received was Monopoly on Christmas • 4 2 4 1 game I remember winning the first time I played it against my brother. • 4 2 5 1 dollar I think of the 20 dollar bill I found on my way to school • 4 2 5 1 dollar I remember going to the store and buying a month's supply of candy (grade 4) • 4 2 6 1 river I think of the barbeque my family had beside the river in China in 1993 • 4 2 6 1 river I remember barbecuing fish by the river which tasted okay. • 4 2 7 1 machine when my dad bought me my first typewriter • 4 2 7 1 machine I remember when I kept everyone awake while typing in the middle of the night • 4 2 8 1 dog When I got bitten by a dog on my way to school in grade 1 • 4 2 8 1 dog I remember that day was the first time I was absent for school • 4 2 9 1 picture I think of the time my family got our portraits taken in 88 • 4 2 9 1 picture I remember in 3/4 of the proofs, my eyes were either half or fully closed • 4 2 10 1 car When I finally got my first car on my 18th birthday • 4 2 10 1 car I remember emptying out my bank account to pay for half of the cost. • 4 2 11 1 hand When I glued my hands together during my first experience with Crazy Glue • 4 2 11 1 hand I was trying to glue back my mother's statue that I accidently broke • 4 2 12 1 window When my thumb got smashed while closing the window very quickly • 4 2 12 1 window I remember my thumbnail turning a hideous black color and falling off. • 4 2 13 1 tree When I crashed into a tree during tobogganing with my friend • 4 2 13 1 tree I remember the huge ugly bruises on my legs afterwards • 4 2 14 1 box I think about the first jewerly box I got from aunt on 7th birthday • 4 2 14 1 box I remember the necklace she gave me along with the box Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 34

  35. Phase 3Relation-Coding Task • Identical for both important-events and word-cue conditions • [E1 & E2] + Relation Menu Select relation(s) • All event pairs scored • Unrestricted selection • Untimed Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 35

  36. Phase 3Relation-Coding Task • Event A: My mom and dad telling me my dad was going to move out. • Event B: Dad leaving a note on my pillow saying bye • Did event A and B involve the same person or persons? • Did event A and B involve the same activity? • Did event A and B involve the same location? • Did one of the events cause the other? • Is one of the events part of the other? • Are both events part of a single broader event? • Are event A and event B related in some other way? Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 36

  37. Phase 4Event Dating Task • Identical for both conditions • Ex Date for Ex • My mom and dad was telling me my dad was going to move out June 30, 1986 • All events dated • Random presentation • Untimed Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 37

  38. Phase 5Importance Rating Task • Identical for both conditions • Ex Importance rating for Ex (1-to-5 scale) • My mom and dad was telling me my dad was going to move out 5 • All events rated • Random presentation • Untimed Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 38

  39. Horizontal Organization: Two General Positions Special Narrative Processing Position • created ONLY by narrative processing given to important life stories Matter-of-Course Position • normal memory processing • higher-level cognitive processing • planning, evaluation, comprehension • narration Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 39

  40. Competing Predictions Narrative Position: • Only important events will frequently cue cluster mates. Matter-of-course Position: • Important and unimportant events will frequently cue cluster mates Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 40

  41. B&S Results: Event Age Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 41

  42. B&S: Results Defining clustered Pairs: • Clustered Pairs: • Either cause, subevent, or "same story" relation indicated. • Nonclustered Pairs: • Neither cause, subevent, nor "same story" relation indicated. % Clustered: • Important-Events Group: 81% • Word-Cued Group: 75% Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 42

  43. B&S Results: Clustering & Importance Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 43

  44. B&S Results: Clustered vs Nonclustered Pairs Median Time(sec) to Retrieve Cued event (E2) Median Difference(Days) between Cueing (E1) & Cued Event (E2) Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 44

  45. B&S Results: Clustered vs Nonclustered Pairs Interevent Relations as a Function of Clustering Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 45

  46. Summary Main Claims: • Event clusters very common • Clustered events: • causally & thematically related • temporally proximate Evidence: • 80% clustered • RT: clustered < nonclustered • Age s: clustered << nonclustered • Overlapping story elements: • clustered > nonclustered Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 46

  47. Interpreting Event Clusters • A Strong Narrative Position • Event clusters are narratives. • Narrative processes necessary for creation/ maintenance of autobiographical memory. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 47

  48. Interpreting Event Clusters • A Comprise Position • Clustering prompted by: • temporal contiguity • similarity • causal reasoning • goal directed planning and evaluation • Narrative creation/maintenance facilitated by clustering Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 48

  49. Retrieval Processes in Autobiographical Memory (Uzer, Lee & Brown, 2011) Generative retrieval Direct retrieval Generative retrieval has been assumed as a normative form of retrieval Models of Autobiographical memory (AM) assume two retrieval strategies: Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 49

  50. Concrete nouns < emotion terms Personal periods < common activities Common activities < general actions Introduction Retrieval processes: Reaction time (RT) Studies have shown: Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 50

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