A Framework on Women in LDCs: arguments (DW readings):

1. A Framework on Women in LDCs: arguments (DW readings): • Gender oppression results from their subordinate status, a result of patriarchy and religious orthodoxy (Coleman) • Women’s education advances economic progress (Coleman) • Gender integration: considering roles and targeting programs (Hunt & Posa) • Individual values of self expression vs. collective or religious control (Inglehart & Norris)

5. http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=PRB&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=12509http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=PRB&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=12509 • Source for PP: • Ashford, L.S. (2005). Population Bulletin • http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=Population_Bulletin1&template=PopulationBulletin.cfm&BeginYear=2001. accessed 11 Jan 2006 • also see. Ashford, L.S. (2001). Population Bulletin, vol. 57,1: 21-29 http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3761/is_200103/ai_n8939693 • accessed 11 Jan 2006 • United Nations, The World's Women 2000

6. A Framework on Women in DW: Concepts from readings: • Gender oppression is related to patriarchy and religious orthodoxy (Coleman) • Women’s education advances economic progress (Coleman) • Gender integration: considering roles and targeting programs (Hunt & Posa) • Individual values of self expression vs. traditional or religious control (Inglehart & Norris)

7. Female Pop : World contrast III W: 1/3 or > female teens and children AIC : 1/4 or > women over 50 (See graph) Source: (Pop Ref Bureau) PRB, Women of Our World 2005

8. Proportions of Younger and Older Women, Selected World Regions Percent of female population Source: (Pop Ref Bureau) PRB, Women of Our World 2005

9. Girls and Boys’ Secondary School Enrollments, Latest Year Enrollments as a percent of the applicable age group Source: PRB, Women of Our World 2005; UNESCO

10. Mexico vs. India: India lags behind in female literacy Source: World development Indicators Data base, July 2000.

11. Mexico primary school female enrollment% Source: World development Indicators Data base, July 2000.

12. India: primary school female enrollment % Source: World development Indicators Data base, July 2000

13. Women who depend on urban wage III World: < 1/4 AIC : > over 40%

14. Trends in Women’s Share of Non-farm Wage Earners, Selected Regions Percent of paid, non-farm workforce Source: PRB, Women of Our World 2005; International Labour Organization

15. Women’s labour force participation (1997): • III W: 44% • South Asia 33% • Wages as % of men’s wages: • Mexico 71% • Bangladesh 50 % • Source: see Ashford, L.S. (2001). Population Bulletin, vol. 57,1: 21-29. • Legislators (women %): (2003) • Sweden 43% • India 9% • Mexico 23% • Source: WB (WID)

16. Mexico: Labor force, female (% of total) Source: World development Indicators Data base, July 2002.

17. India: Labor force, female (% of total) Source: World development Indicators Data base, July 2002.

18. India: poorest 20% of women • average # of children 4 • prenatal care 25% • delivery with medics 12% • Mexico: % of all women • no education 11% • average # of children 4 • teens childbearing 18% • All women - physical assault • India 40% • Canada 29% • See data in Ashford

19. A Framework on Women in DW: Concepts from readings: • Gender oppression is related to patriarchy and religious orthodoxy (Coleman) • Women’s education advances economic progress (Coleman) • Gender integration: considering roles and targeting programs (Hunt & Posa) • Individual values of self expression vs. traditional or religious control (Inglehart & Norris)

20. Gender integration: Gender roles • Development projects: • Aid programs do not targetwomen: why & how? • women’s role not taken into account in projects • women are ignored in designing project needs • women are neglected in decision-making on • environment

21. Gender inequalities, poverty, & violence • Mortality rates • Socio-economic status • Literacy & education • Jobs & wages • Decision-making • Abuse

22. Higher mortality rate: why? • Sex selective abortions • Less food • Less health care • Hardships of low status: • Genital mutilation • Child marriage • Pressured to bear more children • No protection against HIV • Little education • Joint family pressures

23. Inequalities in labour force participation, • education, literacy, and health – a vicious cycle • MNCs: low wage underclass • Livelihood vs. literacy • Endangered health

24. A Framework on Women in DW: Concepts from readings: • Gender oppression is related to patriarchy and religious orthodoxy (Coleman) • Women’s education advances economic progress (Coleman) • Gender integration: considering roles and targeting programs (Hunt & Posa) • Individual values of self expression vs. traditional or religious control (Inglehart & Norris)

25. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/

26. Approval of Political and Social Values in Western and Muslim Societies Western Muslim Democratic Performance 68% 68% Democratic Ideals 86% 87% Strong Leaders 61% 61% Religious Leaders 62% 39% Gender Equity 82% 55% Divorce 60% 35% Abortion 48% 25% Homosexuality 53% 12% Source: World Values Survey, pooled Sample 1995-2001 Note: Table made from bar graph

27. After World War II: • Income growth & material satisfaction in • AICs • Emergence of welfare state • Decline of poverty • Economic security • Post-materialist values • http://wvs.isr.umich.edu/ • http://wvs.isr.umich.edu/fig.shtml