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2. Genetics – The Study of how characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring Heredity – the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring

3. Vocabulary • Allele: alternate form of a gene: • Zygote: diploid cell that forms when the sperm and egg unite during fertilization (A or a) • Homozygous(same): Homo (same) zygous (allele) (AA or aa) • Heterozygous(different): (Aa) • Phenotype(physical appearance–we will use words) (green or yellow) • Genotype (genetic makeup-we will use letters) (AA, Aa, aa) • Gamete: sex cell (egg/sperm)

4. Vocabulary • Purebred: A type of organism who’s ancestors are genetically uniform (the same) • Hybrid: offspring of two animals or plants of different breeds, varieties or species. (mule) • Crossing Over:Exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis I • Chromosome Map: Diagram that shows the locations of the genes on a chromosome • Polygenic Trait: Trait controlled by more than one gene

5. Vocabulary • Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring • Heredity - passing of traits from parent to offspring • Genetics - study of heredity

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7. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) • Father of Genetics • Austrian Monk, spent his life working with traits of Pea Plants • Traits passed in “factors” from Generation to Generation • Working during the same time period as Darwin • He didn’t know what aGENEwas

8. Mendel’s Conclusions Law of independent assortment :different genes pair up randomly, unless they are on the same chromosome. (ex: dad’s eyes & mom’s hair color) Law of Dominance: traits have 2 alleles (one dominant “A” & one recessive “a”) Law of segregation :chromosome pairs separate during Meiosis (sperm and egg)

9. Aa Aa SPERM EGG a A A a Aa Zygote Law of Segregation (Meiosis) • A Heterozygous parent can produce Recessive or Dominant gametes (sperm/eggs)

10. Dominant Allele • Represented by a Capital letter “A” • Over powers or covers up the recessive • FULLY EXPRESSES THE PROTEIN EX:Brown Eyes Recessive Allele • Represented by a lower case letter “a” • Is covered up by the other allele • No/ Little protein is expressed EX:Blue Eyes

11. Probability • The likelihood that an event will occur • Probability = # of one kind of possible outcome total # of all possible outcomes When the word or is used you add the odds. So, 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6 When the word and appears you multiply the odds. So, 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36

12. Probability • What is the probability of rolling a 6 on a die? • 1/6 • What is the probability of rolling a 6 or a 5 on a dice cube? • 1/6 + 1/6= 2/6 • What is the probability of rolling a 6 and a 5 • 1/6 x 1/6= 1/36

13. 6 steps to solving a problem Genetics problems require the same 6 steps! • Identify Dominant and Recessive Phenotypes T=Tall t=Short • Parent phenotype x parent phenotype tall x tall • Parent genotype x parent genotype Tt x Tt • Punnett Square • Phenotypic ratio 3 tall: 1 short • Genotypic ratio 1:2:1 TT:Tt:tt

14. Mendel’s Generations • P = parent • F1 = offspring • F2 = offspring of F1

15. Monohybrid Crosses

16. P1 Monohybrid Cross • Trait: Seed Shape • Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled • Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds • RR x rr Genotype:Rr Phenotype: Round GenotypicRatio:4Rr : 0 PhenotypicRatio: 4round : 0 r r Rr Rr R R Rr Rr

17. Pp Pp Pp Pp Review Problem: Dominant/Recessive • In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over white flowers (p) show the cross between a purple plant and a white plant. P P GENOTYPES: - PP (0); Pp (4); pp (0) - ratio 0:4:0 p p PHENOTYPES: - purple (4); white (0) - ratio 4:0

18. F1 Monohybrid Cross • Trait: Seed Shape • Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled • Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds • Rr x Rr Genotype:RR, Rr, rr Phenotype: Round & wrinkled G.Ratio:1:2:1 P.Ratio: 3:1 R r RR Rr R r Rr rr

19. Pp Pp pp pp Review Problem: Dominant/Recessive • In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over white flowers (p) show the cross between a purple plant and a white plant P p GENOTYPES: - PP (0); Pp (2); pp (2) - ratio 0:2:2 p p PHENOTYPES: - purple (2); white (2) - ratio 2:2

20. Law of Independent Assortment • Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another. • This law can be illustrated using dihybrid crosses.

21. Dihybrid Crosses • Two Traits • Created by Mendel to test Laws of Independent Assortment and Segregation

22. Cross 2 plants that are heterozygous for the 2 traits (seed shape & pod color) Sample #1: Pea Plants R = round seeds r = wrinkled seeds G = green pods g = yellow pods • Identity Dominant and Recessive • Parent phenotypes • Parent genotypes • Sperm or Eggs (FOIL) • Punnet square • Possible Phenotypes • Phenotypic ratio

23. FirstOuterInnerLast RrGg STEP 4

24. Dihybrid Cross • Traits: Seed shape & Seed color • Alleles:R round r wrinkled Y yellow y green RrYy x RrYy RY RyrYry RY RyrYry All possible gamete combinations

25. RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry Dihybrid Cross

26. RY Ry rY ry Round/Yellow: 9 Round/green: 3 wrinkled/Yellow: 3 wrinkled/green: 1 RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio Dihybrid Cross