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Volume A

Volume A. Colonial Period to 1700 . Navajo Story “Changing Woman”.

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Volume A

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  1. Volume A • Colonial Period to 1700

  2. Navajo Story “Changing Woman” • The importance of both women and corn to Native American cultures is evident in many texts from Native American oral culture. See, for example, the Navajo “Culture Hero” story “Changing Woman.” This is a Cahokia figurine (c. 1200) of a woman grinding food, probably corn, with a mortar and pestle. (Courtesy Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois)

  3. Cabeza de Vaca • This pre-Columbian figure with lesions and clearly in pain probably has syphilis. Cabeza de Vaca tells in “Our Cure of the Afflicted” how westerners sometimes helped natives in ill health; on the other hand, western diseases like smallpox killed millions of Indians who lacked immunity to them. (Private Collection)

  4. Benjamin Franklin • The image is from Benjamin Franklin’s “Poor Richard’s Almanack.” The speaker in The Way to Wealth, Father Abraham, reviews many of Poor Richard’s axioms and aphorisms for a crowd awaiting a sale. As Franklin writes, “The People heard it, and approved the Doctrine, and immediately practiced the contrary” as soon as the sale begins. (Library of Congress)

  5. Olaudah Equiano • Olaudah Equiano’s narrative tells about the culture of his African home, his capture and journey to the sea, and his passage across the Atlantic in a slave ship like this one. (Library of Congress)

  6. Thomas Jefferson • In Query XIV, “Laws,” Thomas Jefferson articulates commonly held beliefs about racial “mixture” as “staining the blood of the master.” This painting by Miguel Cabrera is one of the few extant depictions of a mixed family in Jefferson’s time. Here the parents are Spanish and Indian, with a mestiza daughter. (Private Collection)

  7. James Madison • James Madison argues for the ratification of the Federal Constitution in Federalist #10 by focusing on factions. In a pure democracy, there is no protection for minorities against a majority faction united against them. Federalism’s balances, Madison writes, can check, for example, the dominance of one “religious sect.” (Library of Congress)

  8. Alexander Hamilton • Alexander Hamilton argues for the ratification of the Federal Constitution in Federalist #6 against those who, he says, believe Americans are somehow “exempt... from the imperfections, weaknesses, and evils incident to society in every shape” such as the love of power and the desire for domination. The Constitution will check, if not eradicate, such human proclivities. (Courtesy Independence National Historical Park Collection)

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