Expansion East Russia expanded east Came into conflict with another imperial power—Japan

3. War and Revolution • Expansion East • Russia expanded east • Came into conflict with another imperial power—Japan • At same time, revolution brewing • War With Japan • Early 1900s, Japan building empire, viewed Russia as threat • 1904, Japanese forces attacked, defeated Russia in Russo-Japanese War • Growing Unrest • Defeat shocked many Russians, added to unrest • One group calling for change, Marxists—followed communist theories of Karl Marx • Marxist Ideas • Wanted to create socialist republic—no private property, state to own, distribute goods • 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for revolution to overthrow czar

4. The Revolution of 1905 • 1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar • January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar at Winter Palace, listing number of demands • Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday • Revolution Begins • Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against czar; rebellions broke out, czar’s strict rules disobeyed • Workers went on strike, students protested in streets • Czar promised reform, but did not follow through • Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets

5. Provisions Duma End Revolution • Manifesto promised constitution • Individual liberties to all, including freedom of speech, assembly • Many gained right to vote • Voters would elect representatives to the Duma, assembly to approve all laws • Czar continue to rule, but not pass laws without approval of Duma • Nicholas II hoped Manifesto would end revolution • Did not achieve balance between own power, democracy • People still wanted reform The October Manifesto In response to the rebellions and strikes, Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, an official promise for reform and a more democratic government.

7. Cause and Effect What were some causes of the Russian Revolution of 1905? Answer(s): growing unrest, pogroms, crack down on revolutionary movements, defeat in Russo-Japanese War led to discontent, Bloody Sunday inspired rebellions against czar

8. Revolution in Russia

9. Bolshevik Plan The Years Before the War • Adaptation of Marxist ideas of overthrow of capitalism • Wanted elite group to keep much of power over Russia • As Russia’s problems grew more serious, Bolsheviks gained more followers • Czar Nicholas hoped World War I would cause people to rally to his leadership • Russia a troubled nation • Czar Nicholas II had promised reform after 1905 revolution, but delivered little real change • Bolsheviks sought to change life through revolution, wanted to overthrow czar • Led by Lenin, wanted proletariat to rule Russia as socialist country Russia and World War I

10. Preparations for War On the Battlefield • Outbreak of fighting caused patriotism, rush to join military • Otherwise Russia ill-prepared for war • Factories unable to produce supplies quickly • Transportation system weak • Equipment outdated • Many Russian officers advanced on connections, not ability • Some initial successes on battlefield • Losses soon outnumbered victories • Millions of Russian soldiers wounded, killed during early battles Russia in World War I At the start of the war, Russia had an enormous army of some 6 million soldiers.

11. Conditions Grow Worse • Czar Nicholas II took personal command of forces, 1915 • Move made little sense since he knew little of military matters • Czar’s fate became linked with fate of Russian armed forces • Bad situation grew worse under Czar’s command • Russian army seemed doomed • Central Powers were able to stop Russian offensive • Destroyed Russian soldiers’ faith in leadership • Army had little strength, even less confidence • Conditions in Russia worse than on battlefield • Food, goods scarce; peasants grew desperate • Unpopular Czarina relied on Grigory Rasputin, viewed as corrupt, immoral • Shaky support for Russian monarchy dipped even lower

12. Find the Main Idea How did World War I affect Russia? Answer(s): poor economic conditions, worker strikes, unpopular czar

13. Revolution Begins Czar Nicholas II Calendar Change • Citizens protested in streets of Petrograd, March 8, 1917 • Police, soldiers refused to shoot rioters • Government was helpless • Ordered legislature to disband • His order defied • Citizens, government, military refused to obey Czar • Forced to abdicate, March 15, 1917 • March revolution known as February Revolution • Russian calendar at time 13 days behind • New calendar adopted, 1918 The Russian Revolution By the end of 1916, Russia was once again on the edge of a revolution. As the new year began and conditions in Russia continued to worsen, the Russian people clearly wanted a change.

14. The Russian Revolution • Provisional Government • Duma established temporary government • Led by Aleksandr Kerensky • Many unhappy with new leadership • Bolsheviks • Led opposition to Kerensky’s provisional government • Wanted fundamental change in government and society • Planned Marxist revolution • Bolshevism • Abolish private property • Enforce social equality • Later known as Marxism-Leninism • Vladimir Lenin • Bolshevik leader forced to live outside Russia • Returned, April 1917 • Germany hoped Lenin would weaken Russian war effort

16. Bolshevik takeover Lenin became leader • Conditions ideal for Lenin • Armed Bolshevik factory workers, Red Guard, attacked provisional government, November 1917 • Known as October Revolution • Kerensky’s government collapsed after nearly bloodless struggle • Established radical Communist program • Made private ownership of land illegal • Land given to peasants • Control of factories given to workers The Bolshevik Revolution • Kerensky’s final offensive • Kerensky ordered final military offensive against Central Powers along Eastern Front, mid-1917 • Drive failed and led to widespread rebellion in Russian army • Weakened Russian army collapsed

17. Summarize What were the main events of the Russian Revolution? Answer(s): the February Revolution and the Bolshevik Revolution

18. After the Revolution Lenin sought to end Russian involvement in World War I • Sent Leon Trotsky to negotiate peace with Central Powers • Russia’s army virtually powerless • Trotsky had to accept agreement harsh on Russia • Russia gained peace, gave up large parts of empire

19. Reaction to Treaty • Bolsheviks’ acceptance of peace treaty angered many Russians • Bolsheviks’ opponents organized the White Army • White Army included army leaders, political opponents, wealthy Russians opposed to Communist system • Civil War • White Army received military help from France, U.S. • Civil War raged for 3 years between Lenin’s Red Army and White Army • Millions of Russians died in fighting, famines • Bolsheviks finally triumphed, late 1920

20. New Economic Policy • Collapsing economy • Brought on by civil war, pushed Russia to edge of total ruin • Peasants, workers especially hard hit • Lenin introduced New Economic Policy, 1921 • Key points • New Economic Policy permitted some capitalist activity • Peasants could sell food at profit • Tried to encourage badly needed food production • The Soviet Union • Russia reunited with several neighboring lands, became Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, dominated by Communist leadership • Lenin’s death in 1924 led to struggle for control of Soviet Union

21. Sequence What events took place after the Russian Revolution? Answer(s): The Bolsheviks formed the Red Army which fought against the White Army. The White Army was made up of army leaders, political opponents of the Bolsheviks, and wealthy Russians.

22. Stalin’s Soviet Union • Communism under Stalin • Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin died shortly after Communist Soviet Union formed, 1924 • Joseph Stalin became new Soviet leader after struggle for power • Different Approach • Karl Marx predicted state would wither away under communism • Stalin took different approach, worked to return Soviet Union to totalitarian state, controlling all Soviet life • The Five-Year Plans • Major part of Stalin’s plan to strengthen communism, modernization of economy • First Five-Year Plan began 1928, factories and mines had production goals

23. Stalin’s Soviet Union 5-Year Plans reflected Soviet system of central planning • Government makes major decisions about production of goods • Differs from capitalist economic system, where market forces are major influences on production • Plans did lead to increases in Soviet industrial output • During first two Five-Year Plans, oil production doubled, coal and steel production quadrupled • Demands on Soviet workers were high

24. Stalin’s Soviet Union • Political Purges • Stalin, absolute power, but feared people plotting against him • Began campaign called Great Purge, to get rid of people, things undesirable • During Great Purge, thousands executed, sent to the Gulag • Totalitarian Rule • Stalin’s regime dominated Soviet life • Children encouraged to join youth organizations, taught attitudes, beliefs • Religion discouraged, churches closed • Cult of Personality • Portraits of Stalin decorated public places, creating heroic, idealized image • Streets, towns renaming in Stalin’s honor, created cult of personality • By ruthlessly removing opposition, Stalin gained stranglehold over society

25. Peasant Reaction Increase Farm Input • Peasants resisted, Stalin responded violently • Executed thousands, sent more to Siberian system of labor camps, called the Gulag • Resistance continued, particularly in the Ukraine • Stalin refused to send food during 1932 famine; millions starved to death • Stalin believed millions of small, individually owned Soviet farms would be more productive if combined into larger, mechanized farms • Combining small farms called collectivization • Stalin tried to take land back given to peasants after Russian Revolution Collectivization and Famine

26. Summarize How did Stalin use fear and violence to rule the Soviet Union? Answer(s): executed those who resisted him; sent opponents to Siberia to work in labor camps

27. A Secret Deal with Stalin • Germany and Soviet Union on opposing sides in Spanish Civil War • No direct conflict • Axis Powers united against Soviet Union • Soviet leader Joseph Stalin threatened by German expansion • France and Britain discuss possible alliance with Soviet Union • Stalin did not trust British or French • In secret negotiations with Germans • German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact • Each side agreed not to attack the other; allowed further German aggression in Europe • Secret section divided up territory in Eastern Europe • News shocked British and French; Hitler definitely on the march

28. A Turning Point in the Soviet Union • 1941 German invasion halted with winter • German equipment failed in bitter cold • Poorly equipped troops suffered greatly • Leningrad • Citizens under siege in Hitler’s attempt to force a surrender • Winter of 1941—1942, thousands starved to death daily • Siege of Leningrad cost 1 million civilian lives

29. On the Volga River • Germans poised to take Stalingrad • Key industrial city for Soviets • Factories supplied Soviet armies • Ports shipped grain, oil, and other products throughout country Battle of Stalingrad In the spring of 1942, Hitler ordered renewed assaults on the Soviet Union. He assembled troops from Italy, Romania, and Hungary. Even with fuel shortages, Axis forces fought well initially.

30. Brutal battle Final victory • City bombed into rubble; German troops moved in • Hold city at all costs • Georgy Zhukov led Soviet counterattack • Axis soldiers with no food or ammunition • Hitler—“Surrender is forbidden” • German officers surrendered early February 1943 • 1 million Soviet dead • Crushing defeat for Hitler; once invincible German army in retreat • Battle of Stalingrad turning point in war

31. Summarize Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a turning point? Answer(s): The German army had seemed invincible, but after failing to take Stalingrad, it was now retreating to the west.

32. Atlantic Charter Tehran Conference • Joint declaration of Churchill and Roosevelt • Outlined purpose of war • Sought no territorial gains • All nations could choose their own government • Work for mutual prosperity • December 1943 • Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin • Agreed on schedule for D-Day invasion • Would work together in peace after the war Planning for the Future • July 1941 • Allied leaders planned for years for the of war • Churchill and Roosevelt met to discuss even before U.S. entered war

33. Yalta Conference • Held in Soviet territory in early 1945; Allies on brink of military victory • Primary goal to reach agreement on postwar Europe • Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill agreed on plans for Germany • Stalin got his way with Polish territory, made promises • United Nations • Roosevelt got Stalin to agree to join fight against Japan once war in Europe over • USSR would join new world organization—United Nations • Meant to encourage international cooperation and prevent war • June 1945 charter signed with five major Allies as Security Council

34. Potsdam Conference • July 1945 • Small German city location for Potsdam Conference • Growing ill will between Soviet Union and other Allies • Three sides • Soviet Union, Britain, and United States • Discussed many issues but had difficulty reaching agreement • Closing months • American and British leaders worried about Stalin’s intentions • Concerned about spread of communism, growth of Soviet influence • Stalin • Soon broke his promises • Did not respect democracies in Eastern Europe • Another struggle beginning

35. Eastern Europe • Beyond Germany • Allies agreed on Germany, what to do with rest of Europe more difficult • Even before war ended, major Allied powers in conflict over Eastern Europe • Eastern Europe bordered Soviet Union, was occupied by Soviet forces • Buffer Zone • Soviet leaders had been invaded by Germany in both wars • Wanted buffer zone of friendly governments to guard against another attack • Stalin promised to respect Eastern Europeans’ right to choose governments • Growing Tensions • American, British leaders believed Stalin planned to establish pro-Soviet Communist governments throughout Eastern Europe and beyond • Growing tensions between Allies about to lead to another conflict

36. The Struggle Begins Pro-Soviet Governments • Cold War more than military rivalry • Struggle for power, control between two nations with very different approaches • Conflict between communism, capitalist democracy • Backed by Soviet troops, pro-Soviet Communist governments established in Eastern Europe • Only Yugoslavia avoided Soviet domination, although it was led by Communist dictator The Conflict Worsens The relationship between the Soviet Union and the Western nations continued to worsen after the war. Soon the United States and the Soviet Union entered an era of tension and hostility, which became known as the Cold War. As communism spread throughout Eastern Europe, tension between the Soviet Union and the western democracies continued to grow.

37. Iron Curtain Another Possible War • March 1946, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill gave speech in U.S. • Churchill used image of iron curtain to describe the division of Europe as result of Soviet actions • Said this was serious threat to peace • Tension worsened by Soviet failure to remove troops from northern Iran • January 1946, President Truman warned “Another war is in the making.” • February 1946, Stalin stated publicly he believed war between East, West bound to happen More Tension

39. The Truman Doctrine The Marshall Plan • Early 1947, Soviet backed Communists threatened governments of Greece, Turkey • President Truman announced TrumanDoctrine—pledge to provide economic, military aid to oppose spread of communism • Congress agreed to send aid to Greece, Turkey • Because of post-war economies, Truman believed more European countries might turn to communism • U.S. launched massive program of economic aid • Marshall Plan provided $13 billion for rebuilding Europe • Plan helped Western Europe make rapid recovery from war, preserved political stability The West Resists The democratic nations of the West soon faced a test of their resolve to contain the Communist East.

40. Summarize How did conflict between East and West worsen after World War II? Answer(s): Communism spread to most of Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union would not withdraw troops from Iran, the West resists with Truman Doctrine, aid to Turkey and Greece

41. Superpower Rivalries

42. Superpower Rivalries Main Idea As the Cold War continued, the world’s two superpowers—the Soviet Union and the United States—competed for power and influence around the world. • Reading Focus • How did the arms race begin in the 1950s and early 1960s? • How did the Cold War contribute to conflict around the world? • How did the superpowers attempt to achieve arms control during the Cold War?

43. The Nuclear Arms Race Hydrogen Bomb • 1949, Soviets successfully tested atomic bomb • Great military advantage of U.S. over Soviet Union gone • U.S. sought to develop even more powerful weapons • Atomic bombs used energy created by splitting atoms • Nuclear fusion—larger explosion • 1952, U.S. tested first fusion-powered hydrogen bomb, vaporizing island on which tested The Arms Race Begins During the 1950s and early 1960s nuclear war seemed to draw ever closer as the Soviet Union and the United States raced to develop powerful new weapons. This rivalry between the world’s two superpowers became increasingly tense—and dangerous. The U.S. technological advantage was short-lived. Less than one year later the Soviets tested their own hydrogen bomb.

44. Change in Tactics • Both sides forced to change military tactics • Could no longer rely on conventional forces, like troops, tanks • U.S., Soviets increased stockpiles of nuclear weapons • Nuclear weapons central to deterrence • Strategy of Deterrence • Deterrence, development of or maintenance of military power to prevent attack • Two superpowers locked in arms race to gain advantage in weapons • U.S. had more weapons, but nuclear attack by either side would lead to terrible destruction

45. Sputnik Public Fears • Sputnik, history’s first artificial satellite—object orbiting earth • Soviet military technology now feared to be in the lead • U.S. government established National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA • Agency would eventually return United States to forefront of space research • Growing threat of nuclear war • Significant impact on people • Built bomb shelters to help protect from nuclear explosion • Schools led air-raid drills to prepare for possible Soviet attack • Books, movies, comic books had plots centered on dangers of radiation, nuclear war Soviet Union Launches Sputnik In October 1957 the arms race took another leap forward with the Soviet Union’s successful launch of Sputnik.

46. Red Scare Cold War led to so-called Red Scare in U.S. • Many Americans feared possible Communist influence in U.S. government • U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy • Prompted congressional committee in effort to expose Communists in American film industry, government, late 1940s, early 1950s • Accused many innocent people of Communist activities

47. Identify Supporting Details How did the arms race begin? Answer(s): development of atomic and hydrogen bombs

48. War in Southeast Asia Vietnam Divided American Support • End World War II, France tried to reestablish control over Southeast Asia • Communist rebels in Vietnam fought back, forcing French to give up control • Peace agreement temporarily divided Vietnam in half • Communists controlled North, anti-Communist regime ruled South • U.S. supported South Vietnam, when revolution broke out sent military troops • Eventually North Vietnamese fought alongside rebels • War dragged on until mid–1970s Cold War Around the World The Korean War showed that Cold War rivalry could lead to conflict far from the United States or the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, this rivalry led to struggles for influence in countries around the world.

49. Another Crisis in Berlin • Crossing Over • After Communist East Germany, democratic West Germany formed in 1949, tens of thousands of East Germans crossed from East to West Berlin • Some wanted to live in free nation, other simply wanted to find work • Berlin Wall • By 1961, up to 1,000 per day made daily trip between homes in East Germany, jobs in West Berlin • To stop exodus, East Germany erected barrier between two halves of city • Communist Brutality • Barrier, Berlin Wall, heavily guarded • Anyone attempting to cross risked being shot by East German guards • Succeeded in slowing flight of East Germans, became symbol of Communist system brutality

50. Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis • U.S. government secretly trained invasion force to overthrow Castro • April 1961, force came ashore at Cuba’s Bay of Pigs • American officials believed invasion would start uprising against Castro • Instead invaders quickly defeated • 1962, Cuban missile crisis, two week confrontation between U.S., Soviet Union over installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba • After standoff missiles removed; U.S. agreed to remove missiles from Turkey, not attack Cuba Communism in Cuba • 1959, rebels led by Fidel Castro overthrew Cuba’s dictator • Installed Communist government • Centrally planned economy, close ties with Soviets • Actions worried United States; Cuba near Florida coast • Cuba’s alliance with Soviet Union brought Cold War close to American territory