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Neuroanatomy & Organization May 27, 2014

Neuroanatomy & Organization May 27, 2014. Nervous System Divisions. General Terms. Peripheral  Somatic & Autonomic Somatic (SNS) – interacts w/ external environment Afferent & efferent Autonomic (ANS ) – regulate internal environment. Autonomic Nervous System.

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Neuroanatomy & Organization May 27, 2014

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  1. Neuroanatomy & OrganizationMay 27, 2014

  2. Nervous System Divisions

  3. General Terms Peripheral  Somatic & Autonomic • Somatic (SNS) – interacts w/ external environment • Afferent & efferent • Autonomic (ANS) – regulate internal environment

  4. Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic & Parasympathetic • In balance, not “one or another” • Exit CNS at different points along spinal column

  5. Sympathetic NS “fight or flight” • Mobilizes for action, threat, need for energy • Pupil dilation • Decrease in digestion • Increased heart rate, blood pressure • Etc…

  6. Parasympathetic NS “rest & digest” Conservation of energy Pupil constriction Increase digestion Decrease heart rate, bp

  7. Autonomic Nervous System Think about the functions – ex. What might piloerectionaccomplish?

  8. Autonomic Nervous System • Two stages: CNS to ganglia (cell bodies) for relay • Sympathetic ganglion linked, more in concert • Preganglionic use ACh, • Postganglionic use AChor NE • Why?

  9. Somatic Nervous System To/from periphery Spinal cord  “highway” • Between brain and periphery, points along the way • Info from brain finds it’s “exit” • Info from periphery “merges on”

  10. Somatic Nervous System Damage to spinal cord segment: • Communication w/ particular body part • Communication above/below damaged site

  11. Spinal Cord Dorsal – sensory Ventral – motor

  12. Spinal Cord Gray matter -- cell bodies White matter -- axons Info in both horizontal & vertical

  13. Cranial Nerves • Sensory & motor to brain & sensory organs • Vagus nerve  parasympathetic branch Hypothesize effects of damage to each… • Test of brain pathology • Info about location by observing functions altered

  14. Cranial Nerves Olfactory – smell Optic – vision Oculomotor– eye movements, pupil constriction Trochlear – eye movement Trigeminal – facial sensations, chewing Abducens – eye movement

  15. Cranial Nerves Facial – taste, facial expression, tears, salivation Auditory/Vestibular – hearing, sensory signals for balance Glossopharyngeal – taste, salivation, swallowing Vagus– autonomic control Spinal accessory – neck, shoulder & head mvmnt & sensory Hypoglossal – tongue mvmnt & sensory

  16. Brain Structure & Organization

  17. Info to/from PNS If spinal cord is the highway, brain is the city… many subdivisions w/ diverse structure & function Cortex/brainstem continuous w/ spinal cord

  18. The Brain • Many parts • To describe brain, need names for these parts • Map - approximate regions • Function & structure (what cells there look like & do)

  19. The Brain • Regions work together, but have own roles • Defined by man • What makes sense, not “fact”

  20. Major Divisions Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain. Differentiate & are given new names…

  21. Major Divisions

  22. A Map of the Brain…

  23. A Map of the Brain…

  24. Brains Across Species Composition, size & presence of parts Behavior <---> Anatomy

  25. The Brainstem Evolutionarily oldest part Highly conserved Continuous w/ spinal cord As brainstem & cortex evolved, introduce more complex behaviors

  26. Hindbrain - Myelencephalon • Posterior brainstem • Also called medulla • Proper function, survival • Sensations/movement head & neck

  27. Hindbrain - Myelencephalon • Cardiac, respiratory & circulatory reflexes • Incl. portion of reticular formation – arousal, sleep/wake, attention

  28. Hindbrain - Metencephalon • Pons & cerebellum • Pons - relay site, some cranial nerves

  29. Hindbrain - Metencephalon • Cerebellum - coordinated motor, accuracy, coordination of sensory & motor • Cognitive role, sensory timing

  30. Midbrain - Mesencephalon Tectum (dorsal) • Inferior colliculi (auditory) • Superior colliculi (visual) • Directing attention, eye movements

  31. Midbrain - Mesencephalon Tegmentum (ventral) • Substantianigra – motor • To basal ganglia • Red nucleus – motor • Periaqueductal gray – pain modulation

  32. Forebrain - Diencephalon Thalamus • Top of brainstem • Many nuclei

  33. Forebrain - Diencephalon Thalamus • Relay site – directs, modifies, filters most input • Feedback from cortex

  34. Forebrain - Diencephalon Hypothalamus • Under thalamus • Stress & hormone regulation

  35. Forebrain - Diencephalon Hypothalamus • Survival - reg. of homeostasis, sympathetic activity

  36. Forebrain - Telencephalon Cortex – lobes, basal ganglia & limbic system Complex, voluntary functions… Ex? Regions based on functions

  37. Cortex Occipital – vision & visual processing Parietal – sensory info, object location, position of self, attention

  38. Cortex Temporal – hearing, language, visual patterns, memory Frontal – motor plans, executive decision making, personality

  39. Cortex Prefrontal cortex - integration, working memory, impulse control Lobotomies?

  40. Basal Ganglia • Posture, balance, coordinated movement/muscle tone • Striatum (caudate & putamen), globuspallidus, nucleus accumbens

  41. Limbic System • Emotion, spec. related to memory (fear, anger) • Role in motivated behavior • Emotional context

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