Content Vocabulary

1. Content Vocabulary • cilia • bronchitis • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) • carbon monoxide • sinuses • tars • carcinogens • emphysema • bronchi • mucus

2. When burned, any substance will release chemicals that aren’t present in the original raw material. The damage caused by smoking is primarily from the burning ingredients of cigarettes.

3. What’s In a Cigarette? • Smoking releases harmful chemicals that are inhaled by smokers and others.

4. Tars are the most harmful chemicals in tobacco. What’s In a Cigarette? tars Chemicals present in tobacco

5. Carcinogens are known to cause most cases of lung cancer and cancers of other organs. What’s In a Cigarette? carcinogens Cancer-causing agents

6. Tars are also the principal cause of emphysema. What’s In a Cigarette? emphysema A disease of the lungs in which many small, flexible air sacs burst and form a few large, rigid air pockets

7. Over 4,000 hazardous compounds make their way into the lungs of smokers and into the air that everyone breathes. Those who smoke 20–60 cigarettes per day collect ¼ to 1½ pounds of tar in their lungs each year. What’s In a Cigarette?

8. The Lungs • Smoking cigarettes is linked with health hazards including bronchitis, emphysema, and cancers.

9. The lungs receive blood pumped from the heart and add oxygen to it. The blood is then returned to the heart to be pumped to all the body’s cells. The lungs provide oxygen to the cells so they can stay alive. The Lungs

10. Healthy Lungs The lungs are rich with blood vessels and fill the chest. The lungs draw air in, soak up oxygen, and squeeze out carbon dioxide. The Lungs

11. Healthy Lungs The Lungs • Bronchi are the branches of the trachea that bring air into the lungs. bronchi The two main airways in the lungs

12. Healthy Lungs The Lungs • Healthy bronchi are coated with mucus. mucus A slippery secretion produced by cells of the body’s linings that protects the surfaces of the linings

13. Healthy Lungs The Lungs • Cilia line the passageways of the trachea and upper lungs. cilia Hair-like structures extending from the surface of cells

14. Healthy Lungs Cilia propel a coating of mucus along to sweep away debris. The mucus catches dirt and bacteria that would otherwise lodge in the lungs. The cilia sweep the mucus in a constant stream all the way up to the throat. Clearing the throat removes mucus and debris. The Lungs

15. Smoke Damage to Lungs The tars in cigarettes smoke make mucus abnormally thick, slowing the action of the cilia. Irritation builds, but is temporarily relieved by additional smoking which paralyzes the cilia and numbs the throat. The need to cough feels like the need to smoke. The Lungs

16. Bronchitis and Emphysema The Lungs • Bronchitis is an infection of the bronchi, which become clogged with heavy mucus. bronchitis A respiratory disorder with irritation of the bronchi; thickened mucus; and deep, harsh coughing

17. Bronchitis and Emphysema Smoking can lead to chronic lung diseases. Bronchitis, a deep, harsh coughing and wheezing, may be common among smokers. Emphysema impacts residents in areas with high levels of air pollution or those who work in coal mines and smoky factories. The Lungs

18. Bronchitis and Emphysema In normal lungs, tiny sacs at the ends of passageways allow the release of carbon dioxide. With emphysema, the walls between the air sacs break down and the sacs balloon out. The pockets still draw the air in, but as the lung deflates, the stiff tissue around the airways prevents air from escaping, causing lung damage. The Lungs

19. Bronchitis and Emphysema Death from emphysema results from slow suffocation or heart failure. Bronchitis, emphysema, and a few other diseases of the lungs are often termed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lungs Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A term for several diseases that interfere with breathing

20. Bronchitis and Emphysema Smoking-related COPD kills about 57,000 people a year in the United States alone. The surgeon general concludes that “the contribution of cigarette smoking to COPD deaths far outweighs other factors”. The Lungs

21. Cancer Carcinogens in cigarette smoke can cause lung cancer, as well as cancer of the nose, lips, mouth, tongue, throat, and esophagus. Smokers also have higher rates of bladder, pancreas, and kidney cancers. The Lungs

22. Cancer The risk of developing many types of cancer increases sharply amongst those who smoke and drink alcohol. Exposure to the insulating material known as asbestos, combined with smoking, can also cause cancer. The Lungs

23. The Heart and Cardiovascular System • Smoking places an additional burden on the heart and cardiovascular system.

24. When carbon monoxide is inhaled, it reduces the ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen. The Heart and Cardiovascular System carbon monoxide A deadly gas, formed during the burning of tobacco

25. Smoking burdens the heart in the following ways: Nicotine speeds up the heart rate and blood pressure, which increases the heart’s workload. Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen that blood can carry. Nicotine triggers blood clot formation, which can lead to heart attack or stroke. The Heart and Cardiovascular System

26. Other Effects of Tobacco • Tobacco use is the single greatest cause of preventable death in the United States today.

27. Tobacco use can damage the body by: Reducing circulation in small blood vessels. Causing premature aging. Increasing the risk of all forms of cancer. Slowing normal lung growth in adolescents. Increasing risks of ulcers . Other Effects of Tobacco

28. Tobacco use can damage the body by: Increasing tolerance to drugs (medications). Increasing risk of heart attack and stroke in women who take oral contraceptives. Limiting oxygen to a fetus, causing birth defects. Causing women to become infertile. Reducing the oxygen supply to the brain, impairing memory. Other Effects of Tobacco

29. Tobacco use can damage the body by: Reducing the oxygen supply to brain. Increasing the risk of infection of the sinuses. Other Effects of Tobacco sinuses Spaces in the bones of the skull

30. Tobacco use can damage the body by: Interfering with the immune response. Exposing the chest to radiation. Smoking one pack of cigarettes a day is like getting 250 chest x-rays. Increasing the risk of abnormal sperm production. Encouraging gum disease. Other Effects of Tobacco

31. Financial Costs and Fire Danger Smoking can cost a smoker over $2,000 per year. Fires started by cigarettes cause about 2,000 deaths and 4,000 injuries per year. Smoking is the single greatest cause of preventable death in the United States. Other Effects of Tobacco

32. Are Any Smoking Products Safe? • Smoking tobacco harms your health.

33. Low-tar, low-nicotine cigarettes are not safer than any other cigarette. Smokers of low-tar, low-nicotine cigarettes usually smoke more or inhale more deeply. Cigar and pipe smokers are at risk of developing cancer of the lips and tongue. Are Any Smoking Products Safe?

34. Benefits of quitting smoking are: The risk of heart attack falls rapidly to that of a nonsmoker within a few years. Ten years after quitting, the risk of lung cancer is about half of that for smokers. Are Any Smoking Products Safe?

35. Section Review: Reviewing the Vocabulary • __________ are cancer-causing agents. carcinogens Cancer-causing agents

36. Section Review: Reviewing the Vocabulary • Define cilia. cilia Hair-like structures extending from the surface of cells