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I. Elements of progressive reform

I. Elements of progressive reform. A. Paradoxes in progressivism 1. Business leaders often favored regulation B. Antecedents to progressivism 1. The Mugwumps 2. Socialism C. The muckrakers. II. Features of progressivism.

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I. Elements of progressive reform

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  1. I. Elements of progressive reform • A. Paradoxes in progressivism1. Business leaders often favored regulation • B. Antecedents to progressivism1. The Mugwumps2. Socialism • C. The muckrakers

  2. II. Features of progressivism • A. Greater democracy1. Direct primaries2. The initiative, referendum, and recall3. Popular election of senators • B. "The gospel of efficiency"1. Frederick W. Taylor and efficiency—commission system and the city-manager plan2. Robert La Follette and the "Wisconsin Idea” • C. Corporate regulation1. trust busting versus regulation • D. Social justice1. Labor lawsa. Child laborb. The Supreme Court and state labor laws2. Prohibition

  3. III. Roosevelt's progressivism—first term • A. Trusts1. Roosevelt thought effective regulation better than attempts to restore competition2. Decision in United States v. E. C. Knight (1895) held manufacturing to be an intrastate activity3. Supreme Court ordered the Northern Securities Company dissolved a. "stream of commerce" doctrine • B. Anthracite coal strike of 19021. Workers struck for more pay and fewer hours2. Mine owners closed mines3. Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines, forcing owners to submit to arbitration panel • C. More regulation1. An act created the Department of Commerce and Labor, including the Bureau of Corporations2. The Elkins Act made it illegal to take as well as give railroad rebates3. Breakup of both Standard Oil and American Tobacco • D. The election of 1904

  4. IV. Roosevelt's progressivism—second term • A. The Hepburn Act of 19061. Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission power to set maximum rates2. Other provisions of act • B. Movement to regulate food processors and makers of drugs and patent medicines1. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and meat packers2. The Meat Inspection Act (1906)3. The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • C. Conservation • D. The election of 19081. Roosevelt handpicked William Howard Taft as his successor2. Taft defeated Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan

  5. V. Taft's progressivism • A. Taft's early career • B. Tariff reform1. Taft wanted lower tariff2. New tariff raised many rates3. Fearful of party split, Taft backed new tariff • C. Ballinger-Pinchot controversy1. When Chief of Forestry Gifford Pinchot discovered possible corrupt dealings by Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger, he went public with his accusations2. Pinchot fired by Taft for insubordination3. Tarnished Taft's image as progressive • D. The Taft-Roosevelt break1. Review of accomplishments of Taft's administration2. Although Roosevelt won most Republican state primaries, Taft controlled party machinery and won nomination3. Roosevelt became the nominee of the Progressive party

  6. VI. The election of 1912 • A. The rise of Woodrow Wilson • B. Taft had little chance in the election • C. Roosevelt's "New Nationalism"1. Influence of Herbert Croly2. Hamiltonian means to achieve Jeffersonian ends • D. Wilson's "New Freedom"1. Influence of Louis Brandeis2. Restoration of an economy of small-scale competitive units • E. Victory for Wilson • F. Significance of the election of 19121. A high-water mark for progressivism2. Brought Democrats back into effective national power3. Brought southerners back into national and international affairs

  7. VII. Wilson's progressivism • A. Relied more on party politics than popular support to pass reforms • B. Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913)1. Lowered average duty by about one-fifth2. To replace lost revenue, income tax passed • C. The Glass-Owen Federal Reserve Act (1913) • D. Wilson and trusts1. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914a. Outlawed price discrimination, "tying" agreements, interlocking directorates in large corporations, and the practice whereby a corporation buys up the stock of its competitors to gain control of the marketb. Farm and labor organizations exempted2. Wilson's administration showed friendly attitude toward business • E. Little social-justice legislation before 1916 • F. Wilson and African Americans • G. A resurgence of progressivism1. Wilson added to his progressive record to form a broad base of support for 1916 election2. Farm reforms—Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) and Smith-Hughes Act (1917) funded farm demonstration agents and agricultural and mechanical education in high schools3. Federal Highways Act (1916)Labor reforma. Keating-Owen Act (1916) excluded from interstate commerce goods manufactured by children under fourteenb. Adamson Act (1916) provided for eight-hour workday for railroad workers • H. Under Wilson, progressivism became a movement for positive government

  8. VIII. Paradoxes of progressivism • A. Disenfranchisement of blacks • B. Decisions made more by faceless policy makers • C. Decline in voter participation

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