The Digestive System

1. The Digestive System

2. Ingestion Mechanical processing Digestion 4. Secretion 5. Absorption 6. Excretion Six Steps

3. Tooth decay by bacteria that produce acid and demineralize the enamel and dentin (form plaque on teeth) Inflammation and degeneration of gingivae (gums), alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum Dental Caries Periodontal Disease

4. Myxovirus infects parotid gland- inflammation Fever, extreme pain in throat Swelling on one or both sides of face Testes can also become inflamed Immunization available Mumps

5. Lower sphincter fails to relax Food passage impeded and food lodged in esophagus Lower sphincter fails to close Hydrochloric acid bubbles up esophagus Antacids help neutralize HCL Achalasia Heartburn

6. Bulging of stomach through esophageal hiatus Narrowing of pyloric sphincter by enlarged muscle fibers Hallmark symptom- projectile vomit Surgery needed Pyloric Stenosis Hiatal Hernia

7. 5-10% of population Normal balance between destructive and protective forces upset Stimulated by Heliobacter pylori, stress, smoking, alcohol, coffee, aspirin, medications Peptic Ulcer Disease

8. Mucosal cells of small intestine do not produce lactase Bacterial fermentation occurs and produces gas, bloating, diarrhea, and cramps Medications available Lactose Intolerance

9. Diverticula- saclike outpouchings of wall of colon where muscularis weak Become inflamed Prevented by high fiber diet Diverticulitis

10. First performed in 1989- 21 month old received part of Mother’s liver Liver regenerates well Also been done for pancreas, kidney and bone marrow Living-Donor Transplant

11. Yellowish color of sclera, skin, and mucous membranes due to build up of bilirubin Three catagories Excessive production of bilirubin Dysfunction of liver cells Blockage of bile drainage Jaundice

12. Formed as a result of precipitation of cholesterol and bile salts in gall bladder Diagnosed by ultrasound Often no symptoms If obstructing the gall bladder, severe pain in upper right side of abdomen Can be removed by surgical procedures Gall Stones

13. Peristalsis: the contraction of • smooth muscles to propel • contents through the digestive tract • wave contraction of • longitudinal and circular • muscles preceded by • wave relaxation of these • muscles link

14. Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions in the body

15. ATP: Energy currency