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Intelligence

Explore the concept of intelligence, its various definitions, and theories proposed by influential psychologists such as Galton, Spearman, Thurstone, Gardner, Sternberg, and Goleman. Discover the difference between intelligence and creativity, the role of genetics and environment, and the assessment of intelligence through tests. Dive into the fascinating topic of emotional intelligence and its impact on success in life.

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Intelligence

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  1. Intelligence

  2. Intelligence What makes us intelligent? Or Not so intelligent?

  3. Who’s more intelligent??

  4. Essential Questions: • What is intelligence? • Where does intelligence come from? Is it determined by heredity or environment?? • Is there a difference between intelligence and creativity? • Can we use simple tests to reliably measure intelligence? • Are there ethnic or gender differences in intelligence test scores, and, if so, what do the differences mean?

  5. Lets Talk Intelligence!!!

  6. What is It? • Is it the ability to acquire knowledge from books or school? • Is it “street smarts” ? • Is it the ability to solve problems? • Or is it the ability to adapt to the demands of the environment? • Well it may be all these things and more… • The most widely used definition is… The capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal with the environment

  7. Intelligence According to the definition, are both Einstein and Babe Ruth intelligent?

  8. Is intelligence one general ability or several specific abilities combined together? Theories Of Intelligence

  9. Theory 1: Sir Francis Galton and Eugenics • The father of psychometrics • The measurement of knowledge and ability by using defined tests • Believed that intelligence was based on genetics • Inspired Eugenics movement • “well-born” - -Selective breeding

  10. Theory 2: Charles Spearmen’s “G” • One typeof intelligence that allows people to do well on mental tests • “G” - general intelligence • Observed that if people did well on one intelligence test or specific parts of a test, they generally did well on others • “S” – specific abilities • Eventually developed into what we now know as your “IQ”

  11. How did Spearman discover his “G” ?? • By using a process called FACTOR ANALYSIS • A statistical procedure that identified groups of test items that were related on a IQ test. • For example…if you did well on an analogy question - You probably would do well on all language comprehension questions

  12. Theory 3:Thurstone’s“7”Primary Mental Abilities • Didn’t believe that one factor (“g”) could account for all intelligence Numerical Ability Verbal Comprehension Memory 7 primary mental abilities Spatial Relations Inductive Reasoning Verbal Fluency Perceptual Speed

  13. Theory 4:Howard Gardner’sMultiple Intelligences • Disagreed with the concept of “G” • Believed intelligence was like ice cream • Called multiple intelligences • Vary from person to person • People can be high in one type but low in others or have a combination of intelligences • Huge educational influence

  14. Intrapersonal Interpersonal Bodily-Kinesthetic Logical-Mathematical Musical-Rhythmic Verbal-Linguistic Visual-Spatial Naturalistic 9th ??

  15. Criticisms of Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory 1st – What is the difference between an intelligence and a skill?? 2nd – Why stop at 8? Why musical intelligence but not culinary intelligence or practical intelligence (street smarts)?

  16. Theory 5:Robert Sternberg’sTriarchic (3 parts) Theory of Intelligence Said intelligence had 3 parts that come together to meet daily demands • Analytical Intelligence • Practical Intelligence • Creative Intelligence

  17. Analytic Intelligence • Analyzing, comparing, evaluating, solving • Often the intelligence stressed at school and on conventional IQ tests

  18. Practical Intelligence • “Common Sense” type of intelligence • Maybe a “street smarts” intelligence • The ability to apply what we know to everyday life

  19. Creative Intelligence • Creating, inventing and designing • Intelligence that allows people to adapt and produce new ideas and solutions to problems We need all three to be successful in life Believed we need to modify IQ tests to measure all 3 parts Sternberg thought…

  20. Theory 6:A different type of IntelligenceDaniel Goleman’sEmotional Intelligence • Says there is a difference between academic intelligence and emotional intelligence(EI) What is Emotional Intelligence??

  21. Emotional Intelligence is… • The ability to … • Perceive emotions in others • i.e. read faces and interpret music and stories - empathy • Express your emotions • In appropriate ways • Understand your emotions • how emotions change and blend • Regulate your emotions • changing emotions in different dilemmas • Help others handle their emotions ALSO KNOWN AS SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE

  22. Spearman’s “G” Thurstone’s PMA What is Intelligence?? Gardner’s MI Sternberg’s 3 Parts Goleman’s EI

  23. How do we Assess Intelligence? History of Intelligence Testing

  24. Social Intelligence • MEIS – multifactor emotional intelligence scale • Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ

  25. Alfred Binet • Binet developed the 1st test to classify children’s mental ability • Used the concept of mental age • what a person of a particular age should know and be able to do - MA • Different than a child’s chronological age – CA • Assumed that… • intellectual abilities grew year by year and some kids would struggle within their age group and be behind other kids • was worried that his test would be used to label some kids “backward” and limit opportunities because of their intelligence level

  26. Wilhelm Stern and Computing Intelligence • Devised the IQ – intelligence quotient • an easy to interpret number used to express a persons performance on a mental test • Mental age / chronological age x 100 = Intelligence quotient MA/CA x 100 = IQ

  27. A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ? A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ? A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he? IQ Examples 125 75 5

  28. Problems with the IQ Formula • It doesn’t always work well on adults of different ages • Leveling-off Process • Mental age levels off but CA does not For example: if a 60 year old man does as well as an average 30 year old then his IQ would be 50!!!!!! That makes no sense!!!!!

  29. Lewis Terman:American Idea of IQ Testing • Translated Binet’s test for use in America • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test • Established a way to compare individuals scores with those of the general population Terman’s beliefs were often used to set early governmental policy on immigration

  30. David Wechsler’s IQ Test • Wechsler Intelligence Scales • the most widely used IQ tests today • Two important innovations • Different tests for different age groups • preschool (WPPSI), school children (WISC), and adults (WAIS) • Separate scores for verbal and nonverbal abilities(Subtests) • Verbal - vocab., math, and similar skills • Nonverbal - tasks such as assembly of objects and pictorial recognition • allowed for examination of weaknesses and strengths of test taker

  31. Wechler and Deviation IQ An IQ score is based on deviation, or difference, of a person’s test score from the norms for the person’s age group. Average

  32. Group IQ Tests • Test regularly given in schools • First developed by the Army to assess recruits cognitive abilities during WWI • Not as reliable as individual tests but cheaper and easier to give and score

  33. Basic Questions About Intelligence Testing

  34. Does Intelligence Change Over Time? • By age 4, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores. • Also depends on the type of intelligence

  35. Brain Size and IntelligenceIs there a link? • Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores

  36. IQ Ranges • IQ ranges, average IQ scores, and IQ ratings are usually only relative - and they can change over time and with different tests. Average IQ = 100

  37. Statistically this means: • 2.5% of people are mentally deficient / impaired / retardation (under 70) • 50% of people have Intelligence Quotient scores between 90 and 110 • 96% of all people fall within 30 points of 100 • 2.5% of people are very superior in intelligence (over 130) • 0.5% of people are near genius or genius (over 140)

  38. IQ Levels To help put IQ into perspective: • 50 or below - most adults cannot cope outside of an institution. They can typically be taught to read at a 3rd or 4th grade level. They typically require special training programs. • Between 50 and 75 - Generally cannot complete elementary school. Most adults will need help to cope with day to day living. • Between 75 and 105 - Generally cannot complete a college prep course in high school. • Between 105 and 115 - May graduate from college but generally, not with grades that would qualify them for graduate school. • Above 115 - No restrictions

  39. Intelligence Test Construction and Validity What makes one test better than another??

  40. Aptitude Tests vs. Achievement Tests What's the difference??

  41. Aptitude A test to predict future performance. The ability for a person to learn. IQ Tests Achievement A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

  42. Characteristics of a Good Test of Intelligence Tests must be: • Standardized • Reliable • Valid

  43. Standardization • The process of setting a common standard • A basis for comparing scores with others’ performance

  44. Reliability • The consistency of tests scores over time. • Scores don’t change over time or each time you take it • Different types of reliability • Spilt halves ,test–retest, or scorermethod.

  45. Test – Retest Reliability • Scores look the same the second time as the first Split-half Reliability • The score on the even numbered questions should be about the same as the odd numbered questions Scorer Reliability • Two people should be able to score the same test and get the same result

  46. Validity How well a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure. • Content or Face Validity • does the test measure material that is supposed to be tested? • Predictive Validity • does the test accurately predict how well a person will do in the future?

  47. Heredity and Environment as Influencers of Intelligence Is intelligence a product of nature or nurture??

  48. Nature Argument

  49. Evidence for Hereditary Influence • Twin Studies • If identical twins are more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins then IQ could be considered inherited • Adoptions Studies • If adopted children resemble their biological parents in IQ even though they were not raised by these parents, then this would support genetics • Heritability Estimates • a ratio that estimates the proportion of a trait is due to genetics ( 60% - 40% for intelligence) (on average)

  50. Nurture Argument

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