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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century. Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis Famine and Population Black Death Economic / Social Upheaval War and Political Instability Hundred years War Political Instability

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

  2. Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis • Famine and Population • Black Death • Economic / Social Upheaval • War and Political Instability • Hundred years War • Political Instability • Growth of England’s Political Institutions • The French Problem • Decline of the Church • Boniface VIII • Papacy at Avignon • The Schism • Cultural World of the 14th Century • Vernacular Language • Art and Black Death • Society in the Age of Adversity • Urban Life • Medicine • Inventions

  3. A Time of Troubles: Black Death & Social Crisis • Famine and Population • Heavy rain (1315 – 1317) • “Little Ice Age” • Population growth • Famine

  4. The Black Death • Types: • Bubonic • Pneumonic • Septicemic • Two ways to transmit: Rats and Fleas • devastating natural disaster • Spread of the Plague • Originated in Asia • Mongols • Arrived in Europe in 1347 • Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas • Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European population (19 – 38 million dead in four years) • Cities: 50-60% wiped out • Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369

  5. Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague • Plague as a punishment from God • The flagellants • Attacks against Jews • Italy was hardest hit by plague. • Results in life being treated as cheap and passing

  6. Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval • Population collapse • Labor Shortage • Cost of labor that remained – Went up • Agricultural product prices • Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural products = Drop in aristocratic incomes • Statute of Laborers (1351) • Social Mobility • Government increased taxes • Peasant Revolts • Jacquerie in France (1358) • English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) • Revolts in the Cities • Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)

  7. Causes HUNDRED YEARS WAR • Entanglement of French and English royal families • King Edward III (1327 – 1377) • French seize duchy of Gascony (1337) • Conduct and Course of the War • Differences in the armies • Battle of Crecy (1346) • Henry V (1413 – 1422) • Battle of Agincourt (1415)

  8. Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne) • Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)

  9. Political Instability • Control over the bureaucracies led to internal conflicts • (continuation) Breakdown of Feudal Institutions • Scutage: • Factionalism – between Nobles. Looked for ways to supplant lost income from rents and lands • New Royal Dynasties • One problem was male heirs • Financial Problems • Parliaments gain power – and rivaled the monarchs

  10. The Growth of England’s Political Institutions • Edward III (1327 – 1377) • Parliament – power increased dramatically • Richard II (1377 – 1399) • Aristocratic factionalism • Henry IV (1399 – 1413) • Deposed Richard II

  11. The Problems of the French, German and Italians The French Kings • Weakness of the French Monarchy • Depopulated • No money • Desolate lands • Estates-General • 1357 meeting • Charles VI (1380 – 1422) CRAZY KING

  12. The Decline of the Church • Papacy reached peak of power in 13th century • Secular monarchies began to rival the religious and came into conflict with church • Claims of supremacy and led to conflict and eventual papacy defeat • This defeat, in turn, raised question of Pope’s temporal authority over Christendom and over spiritual as well. • Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State • Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303) • Conflict with ‘Philip the Fair’ of France (Philip IV) • Unam Sanctam (1302) • French pope  Clement V (1305 – 1314)

  13. The Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1378) • decline in papal prestige • Popes became captive of the French monarchy for over 70 years • 134 new cardinals and 113 were French • new taxes imposed with threats of excommunication • wealth and lifestyles of the popes at Avignon. • Pope Gregory XI returned to Italy … and then died.

  14. The Great Schism • Papacy returns to Rome in 1378 (Gregory XI) • TWO POPES • The Great Schism divides Europe • France, Spain, Scotland, Southern Italy supported Clement. • England, Germany, Scandinavia, most of Italy supported Urban • Conciliarism • Council of Pisa (1409) • Council of Constance (1414 – 1418) • End of the Schism

  15. Cultural World of the 14th Century Vernacular literature – oral language to wordsLatin was still official • Dante (1265 – 1321) • The Divine Comedy • Petrarch (1304 – 1374) • Sonnets • Boccaccio (1313 – 1375) • Decameron • Chaucer (c. 1340 – 1400) • The Canterbury Tales • Art and the Black Death • Giotto (1266 – 1337) • Morbidity of late fourteenth-century art

  16. Society in the Age of Adversity • Changes in Urban Life • Greater Regulation – • Marriage – • Gender Roles – • Male: • Women: • Nuclear family ensconced • New Directions in Medicine • Hierarchy • Trends • Inventions and New Patterns • The mechanical clock • New conception of time • Gunpowder and cannons

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