Chapter 20 Notes PROTISTS

1. Chapter 20 NotesPROTISTS

2. A. Characteristics of Kingdom Protista1. All are eukaryotic, heterotrophic orautotrophic or both2. Most are unicellular, some are multicellular3. Tremendous diversity in size, shape, color, movement4. Most are microscopic but some are very large5. Most fresh water protists have a contractile vacuole (remove excess H2O)

3. B. Protists were the FIRST Eurkaryotes Protist Protist Animal-like Many Ancestor Plant-like different Mold-like groups/ phyla

4. C. Classification of Protists: Groups (Specific Phyla) 1. Animal-like Protists (4)- Often called Protozoa“first animals”- All are heterotrophic- consumers, parasites- Subgroups based on differences in method of movement- All protozoa are unicellular

5. Animal-like Protists a) Sarcodinians (irregular shapes)amoeboid movement - Move by pseudopodia extends lodes of cytoplasm/ “false foot”, 2 kinds of cytoplasm – ectoplasm & endoplasm (sol-gel) EX: Amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica

6. Use of Pseudopodia for Feeding

7. Cont. Animal-like Protists - Some secrete shells of CaCO3 or SiO2 and cytoplasm extends outward through holes in shell- some resemble “star-bursts” EX: foraminiferans, radiolarians, heliozoans

8. Animal-like Protists b) Zooflagellates (possess few to many flagella) - Move by flagellalong whip-like hairs- Usually have some symbiotic relationship (between 2 species)EX: Trichonympha lives inside gut of termite (mutualism) - Trypanosomes & Giardias (parasitic) inside gut of humans

9. Genus Trypanosoma • African sleeping sickness caused by zooflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma - tsetse fly is the vector - causes nervous system damage & can be fatal • Chagos disease mosquito vector

10. Animal-like Protists c) Ciliophorans (have many cilia)- Move by ciliashort hair-like projections (“9 x 2” arrangement)- Have definite regular shapes- cell membrane has some tough microfilaments that forms the pellicle (firm but flexible)- May have 2 kinds of nuclei 1. micronuclei (reproduction) 2. macronuclei (metabolism)EX: Paramecium usually “slipper-shaped”/ Stentor

11. Internal Anatomy of Paramecium

12. Conjugation of 2 Paramecia/ Binary fission

13. Process of Conjugation

14. Animal-like Protists d) Sporozoans (can form spores thick-walled cyst called oocyte) - No structure for movement - Are all parasitic- Complicated life cycles often require 2 other organisms- need arthropod vector (Tse Tse fly/mosquito) and another host (human) EX: Plasmodium

15. 2 Life Host of Plasmodium

16. Effect of Malaria

17. 2. Plant-Like Protists (2)/ ALGAE- All are autotrophic (photosynthetic)- Will have chlorophyll within chloroplasts- No specialized tissues or organs that plants have

18. Unicellular Algae (Differ in outer covering and movement)1) Dinoflagellates (Red Algae) - Cell plates with silica & 2 flagella EX: Gonyaulex red tides massive fish kills (have phytotoxins; shellfish humans); Noctiluca luminous glows in the dark2) Diatoms (Golden Algae) - Secretes silica shells or shells with pectin (no movement part)

19. Noctiluca’s bioluminescence

20. 3) Euglena (Green) - Have whip-like flagella, contain “eyespots” - Outer membrane has pellicle - Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic (both)/ depends on environment 4) Other Green Algae -Chlamydomonas

21. b) Multicellular Algae (but still no specialized tissues or organs) 1) Filamentous strand of independent cells- Spirogyra, Oedognium 2) Colonial isolated cells within globular material- Volvex 3) Leaf-like Sheets “Sea- Lettuce” Ulva  Nori (to wrap sushi) 4) Brown Algae Giant seaweed/ Kelp- 100 meters tall

22. Kelp “Giant Seaweed”

23. 3. Fungus-like Protists- Lack chlorophyll but absorb nutrients - Have cell walls of carbohydrates (fungi have cell walls of chitin) - Are heterotrophic/ decomposers- act like fungi/molds EX: Slime mold have pseudopodia & spores- rotting logs - Water mold some are parasitic, others saprophytic

24. D. Economic Importance of Protists1. Form basis as producers for marine & fresh water ecosystems (phytoplankton & zooplankton); make up 70% of Earth’s photosynthesis 2. Act as predators or parasites within many ecosystems 3. May cause various diseases in humans, plants and other animals 4. Applications in industry or food processing - Diatomaceous Earth- used in many household abrasive cleansers, toothpastes & polishers, filters, car & silver polishes, floor wax - Red Algae contains carrageenan, algin, or algar (read labels); found in ice-cream, marshmallows, cereals, candies, jams & jellies, chocolate milk, barbeque sauce, laxatives, latex paint, and cosmetics

25. E. Diseases Caused by Protists (match disease with pathogenic protist) - Malaria Plasmodium - Amoebic dysentery Entamoeba - Giardasis Giardia - African sleeping sickness Trypanosomes - Leishmaniasis Leishmania- Chagas disease Trypanosomes - Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma - Red tides & shellfish Dinoflagellates

26. Chapter 21 NotesFUNGI

27. A. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi • All fungi are eukaryotic; most are multicellular, all heterotrophic • Have no chlorophyll- heterotrophic (must absorb nutrients) Some are • Parasites (take food from living plants or animals) • Most are saprophytes (take food from dead organism- decomposers) EX: Lichen green algae (producer) & a hetrotrophic consumer (fungus)

28. Lichen Relationship

29. 3. Have extracellular digestion hyphae secrete enzymes into substrate and the absorb end products after digestion 4. Most have filamentous stalks called hyphae fuzzy hair-like strands above or below surface of food (stolons & rhizoids)

30. - Most hyphae have incomplete cell walls (septa) making up the strands- the wall of hyphae are composed of carbohydrate (chitin); also found in many insects - Masses of hyphae can join and form a stalk-like structure (mycelium)used to support reproductive structures above ground

32. 5. Can reproduce sexually (conjugation) or asexually (budding, spores) - Type of reproduction is 1 major basis for grouping fungi into 4 groups - The edible part of the mushroom is called the FRUITING BODY a reproductive part that is above ground and will form the spores for dispersal

33. - Most multicellular mushrooms have 3 above ground structures: a. Stipe stalk of fused hyphae for support b. Annulusplace where cap was attached to stipe c. Cap top part containing gills having specialized structures producing spores

34. 6. Common fungi examples • Mushrooms, toadstools, molds, yeasts, bread mold, rusts, morels, truffles, brackets, fungi, puffballs, lichens

35. 7. Economic importance of fungi • Serve as main organisms of decay & decomposition (recycle material) • Produce many antibiotics- penicillin, streptomycin, cyclosporine • Many mushrooms are edible- some more expensive than caviar (ex: morels, truffles) • Used in baking to make bread rise & in brewing to make alcohol • To produce many other industrial, medical, food products- (gene splicing, medicines, antitoxins, vaccines, enzymes, amino acids, vinegar, apple cider, sauerkraut)

36. Cont. Economic Importance • Most produce wind-blown spores cause many allergy reactions • Some can produce hallucinogenic substances ergotism (mold on rye) • Some are deadly poisonous- Amantia • Some cause many parasitic diseases in plants & animals • Mildews, rusts, blights, smuts, Dutch elm disease • Ringworm, scalp & nail fungus, athlete’s foot, thrush • A kind of pneumonia infection in people with AIDS

37. Plant Diseases a) Corn smut destroys corn kernels b) Wheat rust infects wheat & barberry plants

38. Human Infections due to Fungal Growth

39. B. Reproduction of Fungi • Spore production in fungi can happen sexually or asexually; the spores produced in each way look alike • However, their genetic characteristics differ the spores produced asexually would look most similar to the original fungus because they are genetically identical. • In sexual reproduction, 2 hyphae minus (-) & plus (+) fuse to form a special biploid cell (zygospore, ascospore, or basidiospore) that will undergo meiosis producing haploid spores

41. C. 4 Phyla of Fungi (grouped according to method of reproduction or if hyphae have septa or not)

45. Cont. Basidiomycetes

46. D. Reproduction of Simple Organisms • Asexual Reproduction 1. Binary Fission - One organism splits into smaller cells of equal size EX: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Amoeba, Paramecium, Yeast 2. Budding/Fragmentation - An outgrowth forms then breaks off to form another EX: yeast, anabena 3. Spores - Reproductive cell that can form new organism EX: Sporozoans, molds, mushrooms

47. b. Sexual Reproduction 1. Conjugation - DNA or nucleus moves through connection between two cells EX: E. coli, beard mold, paramecium, spirogyra 2. Transformation - DNA moves from dead cell to living cell EX: Pneumococcus bacteria 3. Transduction - DNA moves from one cell to another by a virus EX: salmonella (flagella) EXP, human insulin gene into bacteria

48. E. Eukaryotes Have Sexual Life Cycles • A diploid (2n) parent forms haploid (n) gametes by meiosis followed by union of two haploid gametes (n) + (n) forming a diploid (2n) zygote by fertilization or fusion

49. 1. Zygotic Meiosis (chlamydomonas- green algae) • Diploid zygote undergoes meiosis and forms haploid individuals • Simplest life cycle- soon as zygote is formed, meiosis occurs 2. Gametic Meiosis (most animals & humans) • Diploid reproductive cell undergoes meiosis and forms haploid gametes • Diploid zygote occurs as major portion of life cycle 3. Sporic Meiosis (plants) • Diploid spore-forming cell undergoes meiosis and give rise to haploid spores • Life cycle alternates between two stages (haploid/diploid) biploid sporohyte stage forms spores which forms the haploid gametophte stage that forms gametes that fuse to form diploid sporophyte stage

50. ***NOTE: The kind of life cycle depends on when meiosis occurs and what kind of cell it produces!!!