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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Ecosystems & Energy. Your Responsibilities for Ch.4. Ecosystems & Energy Introduction p. 63-64 Photosynthesis & Respiration p.69 Life Without the Sun, p.69-70 How Humans Have Affected the Antarctic Food Web, p.74-75 Envirobriefs p74, 75. Reading Quiz is on: ___________.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Ecosystems & Energy

  2. Your Responsibilities for Ch.4 • Ecosystems & Energy Introduction p. 63-64 • Photosynthesis & Respiration p.69 • Life Without the Sun, p.69-70 • How Humans Have Affected the Antarctic Food Web, p.74-75 • Envirobriefs p74, 75 Reading Quiz is on: ___________. hint..hint..

  3. BIOLOGY REVIEW….. BioticAbioticEcologySpecies PopulationCommunityEcosystemLandscapeBiosphere

  4. Energy of Life Pages 67-69

  5. Energy Energy = capacity or ability to do work. Forms: • Chemical= stored in chemical bonds of molecules (food) • Radiant / Solar = transported from the sun (electromagnetic waves) • Heat = thermal energy that flows from an object with a higher temp to one with a lower temp (source to sink!)

  6. Mechanical = movement of matter • Nuclear = inside atomic nuclei • Electrical= flows as charged particles

  7. Energy • Usually expressed as units of work (kJ) or units of heat energy (kcal) • 1kcal = 4.184 kJ • Can exist as potential energy or kinetic energy • Energy can change forms! • Study of energy & its transformations = THERMODYNAMICS!

  8. Thermodynamics • Some lingo… • “System” refers to the object being studied. • “Surroundings” are… • You guessed it… the surroundings! • Three types of systems: • Closed System • Open System • Isolated …. Does that exist??? NOTE: systems are relative to what you’re studying…

  9. 1st Law of Thermodynamics • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed. • The energy of a system and its surroundings is always constant… • Energy can flow in/out of the system, but overall, the entire system’s energy remains the same. • It can be transformed… how? • Ex: Chemical energy (stored in food) is transformed into mechanical energy (for us to move).

  10. Steady-State or Static EQUILIBRIUM BIOLOGY PHYSICS

  11. Energy Transfers & Transformations! Are the following TRANSFERS or TRANSFORMATIONS? Putting your hand on a cold glass window Eating a bacon cheeseburger Batteries making my fan run Predation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Kicking a kickball T T T T T T T

  12. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics • When energy is transformed, some usable energy is lost to the environment as heat. • This heat energy is less-usable, so… • The amount of biologically usable energy (available to do work) decreases over time. • NOTE: this does not mean that the total amount of energy in the universe is decreasing… • It does mean that the energy available to do biological work (growing, reproducing, moving) in the universe decreases.

  13. 2nd Law of Thermo. continued… • Less-usable energy is more diffuse/disorganized. • Entropy = measure of disorder or randomness. • Organized, usable energy = _____ entropy • Disorganized, unusable energy = _____ entropy (heat) • Entropy is always increasing over time. • Since entropy is increasing, no process requiring energy transformation is ever 100% efficient. • Much of it is dispersed as heat. • Ex: automobile engine is 20-30% efficient • Organisms are highly organized and as they grow they remain organized. Why doesn’t this refute the 2nd law?

  14. A cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools, but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself…. The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded (transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature) once it is transferred to the surrounding air. How does cartoon exhibit entropy?

  15. Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration… They are one big cycle!!! PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + 12 H2O + Radiant Energy  C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 Energy + 6CO2 + 12 H2O CELLULAR RESPIRATION YOU NEED TO MEMORIZE THESE – BALANCED! KNOWING THESE PROCESSES IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY.

  16. A note aboutCellular Respiration WITHOXYGEN(aerobic environment)… C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 Energy + 6CO2 + 12 H2O But WITHOUTOXYGEN(anaerobic environment)… What’s produced?? …CO2 & Energy & OTHER WASTE!! Lactic Acid! Muscle Cramps!

  17. Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration… They are one big cycle!!!

  18. ??? QUESTIONS

  19. BRAIN BREAK!!!

  20. The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems Pages 70-73

  21. Who’s Smarter than Me??? • You have received a chart of vocabulary terms. • You have 5 minutes to write a short definition of each term that you already know. Leave all others blank! • Go! Now, spend the next 5 minutes finding people who are “smarter than you”… • Find someone who knows one definition you don’t. • Finally, write down the person’s name at the bottom of the box.

  22. Here’s your little vocabulary lesson… Be ready… I’m going to fly through this!!!

  23. Flow of Energy through Ecosystems • ENERGY FLOW = movement of energy in a one-way direction through an ecosystem. • REPRESENTED BY AN ARROW (get it? one-way?) • STORAGES are represented by a BOX (coming soon…) • PRODUCER = manufacture complex organic molecules from simple inorganic substances (CO2 and H2O), usually using radiant energy. • AUTOTROPH = same as a producer. • Auto = “self” Troph = “nourishment” • Use either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

  24. Flow of Energy through Ecosystems • CONSUMER = use bodies of other organisms as a source of food energy and bodybuilding materials. (ex: animals) • HETEROTROPH = same as a consumer. • Hetero = “different” Troph = “nourishment” • 3 types: • PRIMARY CONSUMER / HERBIVORE • SECONDARY CONSUMER • TERTIARY CONSUMER • CARNIVORE = 2° and 3° consumers • OMNIVORE = eats plants & animals

  25. Flow of Energy through Ecosystems • DETRITUS = organic matter that includes animal carcasses, leaf litter, and feces. • DETRITUS FEEDER / DETRITIVORE • Ex: snails, crabs, clams, worms, termites, beetles, millipedes • DECOMPOSER / SAPROTROPH = microbial heterotrophs that break down dead organic material and use the decomposition products for energy. • Release simple inorganic molecules (CO2 + mineral salts) that producers reuse. • Sapro = “rotten” Troph = “nourishment” • Ex: bacteria and fungi • Difference between Detritivore and Decomposer: • Detritivores actually EAT dead/decaying matter. Decomposers secrete enzymes that digest the organic matter, and then absorb the remaining molecules for nutrition.

  26. 3 Ecological Categories Producers Consumers Decomposers How are the FLOWS represented? How are the STORAGES represented?

  27. Flow of Energy through Ecosystems • FOOD CHAIN = energy from food passes from one organism to the next in a sequence. • TROPHIC LEVEL = each level in the chain.

  28. Flow of Energy through Ecosystems • Simple foodchains are rare in nature! Why?? • FOOD WEB = complex of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem. • Food webs are much more realistic than food chains. • Note: • Energy flow is always linear. • Energy lost as heat is unavailable to other organisms.

  29. Don’t Forget…. You should be READING through the CHAPTER!!!

  30. Ecological Pyramids Pages 75-76

  31. Ecological Pyramids • A diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy in different trophic levels • 3 types • Energy • Biomass • Numbers

  32. Energy Pyramid • Total Energy at each trophic level • Energy is lost as: heat, life functions, waste, not all parts of each animal/plant are consumed • Ecological Efficiency: the percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another • LAW of 10% : when all the energy loss is added up, only 10% of the energy entering one trophic level forms new biomass • Reason for 5 or less trophic levels in a web

  33. Pyramid of Energy #1 Total energy at each trophic level Energy lost as: • Heat • Life Functions • Waste • Not all parts consumed FLOWS & STORAGES… What’s stored? Where’s the flow going? (energy, biomass) (heat, life functions in next trophic level, waste, not all parts used)

  34. Pyramid of Energy #2

  35. Pyramid of Energy #3 • Calculate the FLOWS between the storages. • Calculate the % Trophic Level Efficiency for each trophic level. • What conclusions can you make? 13.6% 29.7% 4.6% Who is more efficient? Is this realistic?

  36. Pyramid of Energy #4 5720 3380 • Calculate ALL missing values. • Is your final value (organic matter in stream water) positive or negative? • What does this tell you about the ecosystem? 40 10,400 1210 120 http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/courses/footprint/Footprint.htm

  37. ANSWERS! 5720 3380 • Calculate ALL missing values. • Is your final value (org. matter in stream water) positive or negative? • POSITIVE • What does this tell you about the ecosystem? • IT IS GROWING! 40 4680 3510 3470 10,400 1210 120 10 http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/courses/footprint/Footprint.htm

  38. Biomass Pyramid • Shows the DRY weight of organic matter in each trophic level • Represents the chemical energy stored in the organic matter of a trophic level. • Usually follows the 10% law 1/10 Lbs Pike- Tertiary consumers Bass- Secondary consumers 1 Lb Minnows- Secondary consumers 10 Lbs Copepods- Primary consumers 100 Lbs 1000 Lbs Algae- producer

  39. Biomass Pyramid Shows the DRY weight of organic matter in each trophic level HOW WOULD YOU MEASURE THE BIOMASS OF AN ENTIRE TROPHIC LEVEL????? Measure dry weight of quantitative samples & extrapolate to entire trophic level HOW DO YOU EXTRAPOLATE THE DATA? HOW DO YOU DETERMINE POPULATION SIZE? Lincoln Index… Mark & Recapture! (more on this next year)

  40. Pyramid of Biomass

  41. Pyramid of Numbers • Total number of organisms at each level • Decreases as you go up trophic levels 1 Hawk 5 Woodpeckers 40 Grasshoppers 175 blades of grass

  42. 1000 metric tons of grass supports: 27,000,000 grasshoppers 90,000 Frogs 300 Trout 1 person for 30 days If… • You eliminate trout from the flow, 30 people could survive for 30 days by consuming 100 frogs a day • You eliminate frogs from the flow, 900 people could survive for 30 days by eating 1,000 grasshoppers a day.

  43. Pyramid of Numbers

  44. Are there exceptions? Pyramid of Energy? Pyramid of Biomass? Pyramid of Numbers? NUMBERS Answers??? BIOMASS ENERGY

  45. Productivity of Producers Pages 76-78

  46. Primary Productivity • Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) • The rate at which energy is captured during photosynthesis. • But… plants must respire to use that energy for metabolic processes… • So, the plant’s respiration acts as a drain on its photosynthesis. • Net Primary Productivity (NPP) • The rate at which organic matter is actually incorporated into plant tissues for growth. • NPP = GPP – RP Net Primary Gross Primary Plant Productivity = Productivity - Respiration (plant growth per unit (total photosynthesis per (per unit area area per unit time) unit area per unit time) per unit time)

  47. GPP & NPP • Only the energy represented by NPP is available for consumers, and remember: they only use a portion of it! • The Earth’s total NPP is the upper limit determining the planet’s carrying capacity for all species. • GPP & NPP are expressed as: • Energy per unit area per unit time (kcal/m2/yr) • Dry weight (g carbon/m2/yr)

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