Biology Introduction

1. Biology Introduction Characteristics of Life

2. Science • Science vs Psuedoscience • Psuedo = ????????

3. Science • Science vs Psuedoscience • Psuedo = false/fake • Science is either : • Physical or Biological

4. Organization of Science • Physical Science is: remember last year • Non-living • Earth Science • Meteorology – Weather • Oceanography – Oceans • Geology – Rocks and Minerals • Astronomy – Stars and Planets • Chemistry – Make-up of matter and it’s changes • Physics – Study of Energy: heat, light, electrical, mechanical, and nuclear

5. Organization of Science • Biological Science is: • Living – Biology is the study of life • Botany • Plants • Zoology • Animals • Environmental: Botany and Zoology • Anatomy: Zoology • Organism – an individual capable of life processes

6. Organization of Science • The Goal of Science is: • The process of gaining new knowledge about the world (nature) living and non-living through data collection • Data- information gathered from observations • 1. Quantitative -numbers -count (1,2,3, etc…) -measure (1g, 2 cups) • 2. Qualitative -descriptive characteristics the dog looks old

7. Vocabulary to know before we start • A. Variable- one factor being tested • 1. Manipulated Variable (independent) • -deliberately changed • 2. Responding Variable (dependent) • -observed • changes in response to manipulated variable • B. Control-experiment w/out variable • It’s the part you DON’T change in experiment

8. How Scientists Work • Designing an Experiment SCIENTIFIC METHOD • State the problem • Form a hypothesis • If……….and ……..then • Set up experiment • Record data • Analyze results • Draw a conclusion

9. Hypothesis Writing • The true nature of science and experimentation lies in the hypothesis • Three parts • IF…. Problem part of experiment CONTROL • AND…contains INDEPENDENT maninipulated variable • THEN…. Contains the DEPENDENT responding variable

10. A long time ago ……………. • people made observations and said that some living things could suddenly appear: • -Maggots on meat (no refrigerators then) • -Mice on grain • -Beetles on cow dung • Thought: live arose (came) from nonliving • -maggots arose from meat • -beetles arose from dung • Spontaneous Generation- idea that life could arise from nonliving matter

11. REDI • 1668- Redi • -propose a different hypothesis for why maggots appear on meat • Question: Do flies produce maggots? • The idea that life only comes from other life • Disproved spontaneous generation by putting meat into jars • Published result in a book that other scientist read.

12. Francisco Redi • Redi’s Experiment: • Some jars were covered with a mesh cloth • Others were left open • Several days later maggots were on the meat in open jars, no maggots were on the covered meat

13. About the same time as Redi…… • Anton van Leeuwenhoek • -discovered tiny moving objects in pond water, rainwater, and dust • -objects “alive” • -called them animolecules or “tiny animals” • -made drawings • -shared with other scientists

14. Later on in the mid 1700’s……. • Needham • -challenged Redi’s work • -Remember: Redi= no spontaneous generation • -Needham = spontaneous generation could occur under the right conditions

15. Needham’s Experiment • -sealed bottle of gravy and heated it • -claimed heat killed any living organisms • -waited a few days • -observed tiny organisms (microorganisms) • -conclusion: organisms could have only come from juice of gravy

16. Spallanzazni • -Thought Needham didn’t heat gravy long enough- improved experiment • -2 bottles of gravy • -both boiled • -1 open, 1 sealed • -waited a few days • Conclusions: • -open bottle= many microorganisms • -closed bottle = none • life only comes from life

17. The debate continued….. • Pasteur (mid 1800’s) • Repeated past experiments • Designed a curved (swan neck) flask • Flask remained open but air could not make it through the neck in to the flask • Showed as long as broth was protected from microorganisms, it remained free of living things • Year after experiment began • Broke flask • Organisms grew

18. Louis Pasteur

19. Observation vs Inference • Observations use senses to gather information • Inference is logical interpretation (not always fact) based on prior knowledge

20. Over time theories develop • Theory-most logical explanation for an event in nature • -time-tested • -dependable prediction If a theory survives time and experimentation it becomes a: • Scientific Law- summarizes facts • -does NOT explain • -states what always happens under given circumstances • **Both Laws and Theories are tentative • -they may change as new information is provided

21. Characteristics of Life • Nine (9) Characteristics all living things have in common FRED H GARC

22. Characteristics of Life • FRED • F – Use and need Food • R – Must be capable of Reproduction • E – Must be able to transfer Energy • D – Develop and Grow • Undergo a series of stages to reach maturity • Infant – Toddler – Young Adult – Adult • And an increase in living material

23. Characteristics of Life • H • H – Homeostasis • Steady internal state • H+ • Blood Pressure • Respiration • Body Temperature • Ect.

24. Characteristics of Life • GARC • G – Genetic code • Based on universal genetic code • A – Adapt to change • Structural – wings, arms, ect. • Physiological – internal body processes • Behavioral – innate, learned • R – Respond to stimuli • C – Made of at least one (1) Cell

25. Levels of Biological Organization • Populations • Community • Ecosystems • Biosphere • molecules • cells • groups of cells (tissues, organs & organ systems) • organisms

26. Key Terms • Biotic • Living factors • Abiotic • Non-living factors • Adaptation • A feature that enable survival • Species • A group of similar looking organisms that can breed and produce offspring • Evolution • A gradual change in a species over time

27. Biology Introduction Characteristics of Life