Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs. Counselor

1. Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs. Counselor PSYCHIATRISTS • Medical Doctor M.D. • Medical school with internship in Psychiatry • Can prescribe drugs PSYCHOLOGISTS • Masters (2 years) • Doctoral (3-5 years) [PhD or PsyD (clinical)] • Cannot prescribe drugs Types: • Practitioners • Academic • Researchers COUNSELORS • Master’s degree (MSW or MC) • Works with less severe mental health problems • Family, relationship, substance abuse, anxiety

2. Types of Psychologists • Clinical • Counseling • Social • Experimental • Physiological/Neurological • Cognitive • Developmental • Psychometrics • Industrial/Organizational • Education/school • Forensic

3. Applied Perspectives • Clinical Psychology-provide counseling to clients with psychological disorders • Counseling Psychology-provide counseling to clients with more day to day problems • Educational and School Psychology-work to improve the delivery of education to students • Industrial and Organizational Psychology-work to improve work conditions, productivity and morale in business and industry • Sports Psychology-work to train athletes in mental preparation for performance • Forensic Psychology-as an example, work to provide profiles of criminal behavior, to advise on the psychology of courtroom proceedings

4. Major Research Areas pie chart

5. Careers in Psychology: Percentage of Psychology Degrees by Specialty

6. 1909- Clark University Psychology Convention • C:\Documents and Settings\REEDS\Desktop\images.jpg

7. Woman and Minorities Few woman and minorities in early 1900’s Women  Margaret Floy Washburn - first PhD 1894 - Mary Calkins - first president of APA - Currently woman get about 70% of PhD’s African Americans  Francis Sumner - first PhD in 1920 - Kenneth B. Clark- first PhD from Colombia in 1940 - brown vs. white doll study - helped with desegregation of public schools

8. Defining Psychology • Definition • The study of behavior and mental processes • Goals of Psychology • To fulfill a genuine curiosity about behavior • To understand the contributions of genetics and environment (social and cultural) in behavior and mental process • To study behavior using methods that deem the study scientific

9. Roots of Psychology in Philosophy • Psyche (life/self) logos (logic) • Plato (400BC): Rationalism, deductive reasoning • Aristotle: Associations • Descartes: Dualism- Mind and Body, Nativism • John Locke: Empiricism, tabula rasa

10. The Roots of Psychology & Science • In the late 1800’s both physiologists and philosophers were investigating the mind • Philosophy- “Why?” • Physiology- “How?”

11. Psychology - A scientific discipline • Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) • Worked to have Psychology become an independent science • Founded the 1st psychology laboratory in Germany (1879)

12. Competing Schools of Thought That Shape Psychology • Structuralism • Wundt and Titchener • Structuralism focused on the structure of consciousness • Premise: The content of conscious experience can be analyzed into its basic elements

13. Psychology Comes to America • G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924) • A student of Wundt • Establishes 1st American laboratory at Johns Hopkins (1883) • Founded 1st American Psych. journal (1887) • Founded American Psychological Association-APA (1892)

14. Competing Schools of Thought That Shape Psychology • Functionalism • William James and G. Stanley Hall were the primary proponents • Interested in studying the functions of consciousness • Premise: The function of a conscious experience in providing adaptation of the organism is more important than the structure of that conscious experience William James

15. Current Perspectives • Psychoanalytic • Behavioral • Cognitive • Biological • Humanistic • Others Evolutionary, Sociocultural, etc.

16. Psychoanalytic Early 1900s Freud- Interpretations of Dreams (1900) • Behavior influenced by unconscious processes • Stressed early childhood experiences determine later behavior • Negative view of humanity (aggression, sex)

17. Early Behaviorists Pavlov (1913)- Dog Salvation Watson (1925)- Little Albert B. F. Skinner (1930s)- Skinner Box, rewards & punishments

18. Behaviorists (Skinner, Watson, Pavlov) • Environment determines behavior (clean slate) • Stimulus Response • Reinforcements and punishment • Studies observable (overt) behavior and stimuli, not concerned with internal states

19. Humanistic • Carl Rogers founder (Maslow also important) • Emerged as a revolt against behaviorism & psychoanalytic approaches • Inherent Goodness of Human Beings • FREE WILL • Unconditional Positive Regard Rogers believed for a person to grow they need an environment that provides ‘genuineness’ (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to & understood). Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should – much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water.

20. Cognitive • Thoughts and mental processes • Stimulus Mental process Behavior • Rational Emotive Therapy • We are prone to adopting irrational beliefs & behaviors that stand in the way of achieving goals and purposes • The presence of extreme philosophies can make the difference between healthy negative emotions (such as sadness/regret/ concern) and unhealthy negative emotions (such as depression/guilt/anxiety).

21. Biological • Observable behavior given physiological explanations • Genetics, biochemical, neurological

22. Current Perspectives in Psychology

23. Seven Themes of Psychology 1. Psychology is Empirical 2. Psychology is theoretically diverse 3. Psychology evolves in a sociohistoric 4. Behavior has multiple causes 5. Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage 6. Behavior is influenced by heredity and environment 7. Our experience of the world is highly subjective

24. In Such a Diverse Science, What Holds It All Together? The desire to: • Describe • Explain • Predict • Change/Control Behavior