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Nuclear Waste

Nuclear Waste. Long Term Storage, The Failure of the Federal Government, and NIMBY. Overview. The current methods of storage are running out of space and are not intended for long-term use

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Nuclear Waste

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  1. Nuclear Waste Long Term Storage, The Failure of the Federal Government, and NIMBY

  2. Overview • The current methods of storage are running out of space and are not intended for long-term use • The government was required by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 to provide long-term storage for waste • So far, the federal government has scrapped Yucca Mountain, and it is considering alternative storage methods

  3. Fast Facts • The US has more than 64,000 metric tons of nuclear waste • “Enough to cover a football field about seven yards deep” • The half-life of the fuel is more than 1 million years • Legal requirements: Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982

  4. Current Storage Locations

  5. Options • Spent Fuel Pools • Dry cask storage • Long-term Storage: Yucca Mountain • Reprocessing

  6. Spent Fuel Pools • Spent fuel rods are stored in cooling ponds • On-site at the reactors • Protects surroundings from radiation • Absorbs heat generated during radioactive decay

  7. Problems with Spent Fuel Pools • They were only intended as a temporary solution • They are quickly reaching full capacity

  8. Dry Cask Storage • Two options for storage: horizontal and vertical • Surrounded by inert gas, steel, and concrete • Must be licensed by the NRC • 22 different licensed designs • 9,000 metric tons are stored this way

  9. Problems with Dry Cask Storage • Even proponents admit this is only viable for a certain number of years – right now they are licensed for 50 years • Transportation to offsite is difficult • Potential terrorist target

  10. Government Failure:Yucca Mountain • So far, rate payers have paid in $27 billion to the Nuclear Waste Fund • The government has spent $8 billion of this money • The site was required by law and contract to begin collecting waste in 1998

  11. Precedent for Yucca Mountain • Two billion years ago, uranium in Gabon was caught in a chain reaction • Plutonium was produced and trapped in the rock • Since then, the radioactivity has moved only slightly and the plutonium has devolved into nonreactive substances

  12. NIMBY • Nevada exercised its state veto right under the NWPA, but it was overruled by both houses of Congress • Nevada has protested: • There is significant wildlife in the area • Nevada is the fastest growing state in the nation which could change the location • Upset other sites were not considered after 1987 • Concerns over transporting to Nevada

  13. Yucca Mountain’s Current Status • Approved by Congress in 2002 • Cancelled by Pres. Obama in 2009 • Potential alternative sites are being considered • There’s a Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future

  14. Reprocessing • Only 3% high level waste remains • Results are mostly Plutonium and some Uranium-235 • Current capabilities: 1/3 of the world’s fuel

  15. Problems with Reprocessing • In spent fuel, Plutonium is trapped in bulky assemblies, but after reprocessing it is stored in powdered form • Plutonium after reprocessing is significantly less radioactive • It is hard to keep track of all of the material at a reprocessing facility • Some storage and disposal is still required • Would divert funds from a permanent storage facility • Incredibly high price tag – perhaps $100 billion to reprocess the existing spent fuel

  16. Counter Argument to the Security Threat from Reprocessing • After reprocessing, there is little security threat • The resulting Plutonium can be used in MOX fuel but not as easily in weapons

  17. NWPA of 1982 • § 302(a)(5). Contracts entered into under this section shall provide that— • (A) following commencement of operation of a repository, the Secretary shall take title to the high-level radioactive waste or spent nuclear fuel involved as expeditiously as practicable upon the request of the generator or owner of such waste or spent fuel; and • (B) in return for the payment of fees established by this section, the Secretary, beginning not later than January 31, 1998, will dispose of the high-level radioactive waste or spent nuclear fuel involved as provided in this subtitle.

  18. Federal Requirements • Federal government was to begin collecting waste in 1998 under the NWPA • Courts have found the DOE violated its contracts under the NWPA • 65 claims have been filed for damages requesting $548 million. Delays past 2010 are estimated at $500 million a year • State regulators have also sued over the nuclear waste fund containing billions of dollars • They say to at a minimum stop collecting the $750 million a year • Projected money owed is estimated to reach $7 billion by 2017 and $11 billion by 2020 • Taxpayers are also being saddled with lawyers’ fees and damage expenses in the cases

  19. Conclusions • A federal repository as required by statute is likely a long way off because no one wants it in their state • When plants are decommissioned, there is some material like parts of the plant that need to go into an underground repository • Reprocessing provides an interim solution that would also provide fuel that can be used in some instances • Even if Yucca Mountain is finished, it will only hold 70,000 metric tons, so what currently exists would fill it up

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