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Content Metadata and Search Remarks to the Dublin Core Workshop. Marti Hearst SIMS, UC Berkeley September 28, 2003. Resource Finding and the Web. Web search vs. collection search When a single page is all that’s needed, web search is fine Although validity is an issue Unsolved problem:
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Content Metadata and SearchRemarks to the Dublin Core Workshop Marti Hearst SIMS, UC Berkeley September 28, 2003
Resource Finding and the Web • Web search vs. collection search • When a single page is all that’s needed, web search is fine • Although validity is an issue • Unsolved problem: • How to make source-focused search more intuitive on the web? • One idea (untested): task-based search Faceted Metadata in Search
What about Content? • Dublin Core takes stances on the “content-neutral” aspects of metadata • Q: What about content? • The Metadata Marsh • Getting agreement on metadata terms is difficult • Even worse when talking about content! • A: Domain-specific solutions • Don’t worry about cross-domain consistency (a necessary drawback) • Success: b-to-b protocols Faceted Metadata in Search
Hypothesis (as yet untested): Assuming we’ve focused on a domain, agreement on category assignment can converge much more quickly by: • Focusing on the applications that will use the category system. • Designing metadata to be used in interfaces that show items represented by many different categories in a highly flexible, but intuitive, manner. Faceted Metadata in Search
One Example: Flamenco Project • Goal: create intuitive, inviting search interfaces that make use of hierarchical faceted metadata • Challenge: How to provide flexibility and power without overwhelming? (Answer: careful interface design) Faceted Metadata in Search
The Flamenco Project Team Brycen Chun Ame Elliott Jennifer English Kevin Li Rashmi Sinha Kirsten Swearingen Ping Yee http://flamenco.berkeley.edu Research funded by: NSF CAREER Grant IIS-9984741 IBM Faculty Fellowship
Our Approach • Integrate the search seamlessly into the information architecture. • Use proper HCI methodologies. • Use faceted metadata: • More flexible than canned hyperlinks • Less complex than full search • Help users see where to go next and return to what happened previously • What’s new? • Putting hierarchical facets into a useable interface. Faceted Metadata in Search
GeoRegion + Time/Date + Topic Metadata: data about dataFacets: orthogonal categories Faceted Metadata in Search
Hierarchical Faceted Metadata Example: Biological Subject Headings 1.Anatomy [A] 2. Organisms [B] 3. Diseases [C] 4. Chemicals and Drugs [D] 5. Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment [E] 6. Psychiatry and Psychology [F] 7. Biological Sciences [G] 8. Physical Sciences [H] 9. Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena [I] 10. Technology and Food and Beverages [J] 11. Humanities [K] 12. Information Science [L] 13. Persons [M] 14. Health Care [N] 15. Geographic Locations [Z] Faceted Metadata in Search
Hierarchical Faced Metadata 1. Anatomy [A]Body Regions [A01] 2. [B] Musculoskeletal System [A02] 3. [C] Digestive System [A03] 4. [D] Respiratory System [A04] 5. [E] Urogenital System [A05] 6. [F] …… 7. [G] 8. Physical Sciences [H] 9. [I] 10. [J] 11. [K] 12. [L] 13. [M] Faceted Metadata in Search
Hierarchical Faceted Metadata 1. Anatomy [A]Body Regions [A01] Abdomen [A01.047] 2. [B] Musculoskeletal System [A02] Back [A01.176] 3. [C] Digestive System [A03] Breast [A01.236] 4. [D] Respiratory System [A04] Extremities [A01.378] 5. [E] Urogenital System [A05] Head [A01.456] 6. [F] …… Neck [A01.598] 7. [G] …. 8. Physical Sciences [H] 9. [I] 10. [J] 11. [K] 12. [L] 13. [M] Faceted Metadata in Search
Hierarchical Faceted Metadata 1. Anatomy [A]Body Regions [A01] Abdomen [A01.047] 2. [B] Musculoskeletal System [A02] Back [A01.176] 3. [C] Digestive System [A03] Breast [A01.236] 4. [D] Respiratory System [A04] Extremities [A01.378] 5. [E] Urogenital System [A05] Head [A01.456] 6. [F] …… Neck [A01.598] 7. [G] …. 8. Physical Sciences [H] Electronics 9. [I] Astronomy 10. [J] Nature 11. [K] Time 12. [L] Weights and Measures 13. [M] …. Faceted Metadata in Search
Hierarchical Faceted Metadata 1. Anatomy [A]Body Regions [A01] Abdomen [A01.047] 2. [B] Musculoskeletal System [A02] Back [A01.176] 3. [C] Digestive System [A03] Breast [A01.236] 4. [D] Respiratory System [A04] Extremities [A01.378] 5. [E] Urogenital System [A05] Head [A01.456] 6. [F] …… Neck [A01.598] 7. [G] …. 8. Physical Sciences [H] Electronics Amplifiers 9. [I] Astronomy Electronics, Medical 10. [J] Nature Transducers 11. [K] Time 12. [L] Weights and Measures 13. [M] …. Faceted Metadata in Search
Hierarchical Faceted Metadata 1. Anatomy [A]Body Regions [A01] Abdomen [A01.047] 2. [B] Musculoskeletal System [A02] Back [A01.176] 3. [C] Digestive System [A03] Breast [A01.236] 4. [D] Respiratory System [A04] Extremities [A01.378] 5. [E] Urogenital System [A05] Head [A01.456] 6. [F] …… Neck [A01.598] 7. [G] …. 8. Physical Sciences [H] Electronics Amplifiers 9. [I] Astronomy Electronics, Medical 10. [J] Nature Transducers 11. [K] Time 12. [L] Weights and Measures Calibration 13. [M] ….Metric System Reference Standard Faceted Metadata in Search
The Interface Design • Chess metaphor • Opening • Middle game • End game Faceted Metadata in Search
The Interface Design • Tightly Integrated Search • Supports Expand as well as Refine • Dynamically Generated Pages • Paths can be taken in any order • Links are idempotent • Consistent Color Coding • Consistent Backup and Bookmarking • Standard HTML • No javascript Faceted Metadata in Search
What is Tricky About This? • It is easy to do it poorly • Yahoo directory structure • It is hard to be not overwhelming • Most users prefer simplicity unless complexity really makes a difference • It is hard to “make it flow” • Can it feel like “browsing the shelves”? • Yes, but we iterated the design 3 times Faceted Metadata in Search
Usability Study • Participants & Collection • 32 Art History Students • ~35,000 images from SF Fine Arts Museum • Study Design • Within-subjects • Each participant sees both interfaces • Balanced in terms of order and tasks • Participants assess each interface after use • Afterwards they compare them directly • Data recorded in behavior logs, server logs, paper-surveys; one or two experienced testers at each trial. • Used 9 point Likert scales. • Session took about 1.5 hours; pay was $15/hour Faceted Metadata in Search
The Baseline System • Floogle • Take the best of the existing keyword-based image search systems Faceted Metadata in Search
sword Faceted Metadata in Search
Hypotheses • We attempted to design tasks to test the following hypotheses: • Participants will experience greater search satisfaction, feel greater confidence in the results, produce higher recall, and encounter fewer dead ends using FC over Baseline • FC will perceived to be more useful and flexible than Baseline • Participants will feel more familiar with the contents of the collection after using FC • Participants will use FC to create multi-faceted queries Faceted Metadata in Search
Four Types of Tasks • Unstructured (3): Search for images of interest • Structured Task (11-14): Gather materials for an art history essay on a given topic, e.g. • Find all woodcuts created in the US • Choose the decade with the most • Select one of the artists in this periods and show all of their woodcuts • Choose a subject depicted in these works and find another artist who treated the same subject in a different way. • Structured Task (10): compare related images • Find images by artists from 2 different countries that depict conflict between groups. • Unstructured (5): search for images of interest Faceted Metadata in Search
Other Points • Participants were NOT walked through the interfaces. • The wording of Task 2 reflected the metadata; not the case for Task 3 • Within tasks, queries were not different in difficulty (t’s<1.7, p >0.05 according to post-task questions) • Flamenco is and order of magnitude slower than Floogle on average. • In task 2 users were allowed 3 more minutes in FC than in Baseline. • Time spent in tasks 2 and 3 were significantly longer in FC (about 2 min more). Faceted Metadata in Search
Post-Interface Assessments All significant at p<.05 except simple and overwhelming Faceted Metadata in Search
15 16 2 30 1 29 4 28 8 23 6 24 28 3 1 31 2 29 Post-Test Comparison Baseline Which Interface Preferable For: FC Find images of roses Find all works from a given period Find pictures by 2 artists in same media Faceted Metadata in Search
15 16 2 30 1 29 4 28 8 23 6 24 28 3 1 31 2 29 Post-Test Comparison Baseline FC Which Interface Preferable For: Find images of roses Find all works from a given period Find pictures by 2 artists in same media Overall Assessment: More useful for your tasks Easiest to use Most flexible More likely to result in dead ends Helped you learn more Overall preference Faceted Metadata in Search
Study Results Summary • Strongly positive results for the faceted metadata interface. • Moderate use of multiple facets. • Strong preference over the current state of the art. • Chair of Architecture Dept: “It felt like I was browsing the shelves!” • This kind of enthusiasm is not seen in similarity-based image search interfaces. • Hypotheses are supported. Faceted Metadata in Search
Study Summary • Usability studies done on 3 collections: • Recipes: 13,000 items • Architecture Images: 40,000 items • Fine Arts Images: 35,000 items • Conclusions: • Users like and are successful with the dynamic faceted hierarchical metadata, especially for browsing tasks • Very positive results, in contrast with studies on earlier iterations • Note: it seems you have to care about the contents of the collection to like the interface Faceted Metadata in Search
Advantages of the Approach • Supports different search types • Highly constrained known-item searches • Open-ended, browsing tasks • Can easily switch from one mode to the other midstream • Can both expand and refine • Allows different people to add content without breaking things • Can make use of standard technology Faceted Metadata in Search
Metadata Availability • Many collections already have rich metadata associated with them. • Automated methods are improving. • Have applied this to: • Tobacco documents archive • MEDLINE Faceted Metadata in Search
Back to the Hypothesis • This kind of tool may be helpful for resolving metadata creation wars. • Multiple paths to get to the same item • Different views on different subsets of items • No need to force everything into one hierarchy • What do you think? Faceted Metadata in Search