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Fire Code Applied to Laboratories A Chemist’s View

Fire Code Applied to Laboratories A Chemist’s View. John DeLaHunt, MBA, ARM 2011 Texas Fire Marshals’ Conference Austin, Texas October 19, 2011. Fire Codes: Sprinklers.

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Fire Code Applied to Laboratories A Chemist’s View

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  1. Fire Code Applied to LaboratoriesA Chemist’s View John DeLaHunt, MBA, ARM 2011 Texas Fire Marshals’ Conference Austin, Texas October 19, 2011

  2. Fire Codes: Sprinklers • Rules and Regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters for Sprinkler Equipments, Automatic and Open Systems (1896) • Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, NFPA 13 The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  3. Fire Codes: Life Safety • Outside Stairs for Fire Exits (1916) • Safeguarding Factory Workers from Fire (1918) • Building Exits Code (1927) • Life Safety Code, NFPA 101 The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  4. Fire Code Development: 1903 Iroquois Theatre (603) Chicago, IL The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  5. Fire Code Development: 1942 Cocoanut Grove Nightclub (492) Boston, MA The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  6. Fire Code Development: 1944 Barnum & Bailey Circus (168) Hartford, CT The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  7. Fire Code Development: 1946 Winecoff Hotel (119) Atlanta, GA The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  8. Fire Code Development: 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club (165) Southgate, KY The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  9. Fire Code Development: 1980 MGM Grand Hotel Fire (85) Las Vegas, NV The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  10. Fire Code Development: 2000 Station Nightclub (100) West Warwick, RI The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  11. Building Codes: Legacy Codes • Building Officials Code Administrators International (BOCA): National Building Code • Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI): Standard Building Code • International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) • Uniform Building Code (UBC) • Uniform Fire Code (UFC) The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  12. Building Codes: Model Codes • International Code Council (ICC, 1994) • International Building Code • International Fire Code • National Fire Prevention Association • Uniform Building Code, NFPA 5000 (2003) The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  13. Fire Codes: Model Codes • National Fire Prevention Association • Life Safety Code, NFPA 101 • Uniform Fire Code, NFPA 1 • International Code Council • International Fire Code (IFC) The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  14. What are Fire Codes • Not what you build • How you occupy what you build • Written by committee • Unable to anticipate each and every situation • Meant to be adopted and adapted The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  15. Fire Codes: Reasons to Care • Compliance standard (operation) • Property Conservation standard (fiduciary) • Business Continuity (ownership) • Standard of Reasonable Care (litigation) The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  16. Fire Codes: Reasons to Care Fire Codes exist because people have died The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  17. Application of Fire Codes • Enabling legislation/ordinance • Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) • Right of entry • Permits • Inspections • Fees The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  18. Elements of Fire Codes:Purpose The purpose of this Code is to provide minimum requirements, with due regard to function, for the design, operation, and maintenance of buildings and structures for safety to life from fire. Its provisions will also aid life safety in similar emergencies.* (NFPA 101) The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  19. Elements of Fire Codes:AHJ An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure. NFPA 1 The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  20. Elements of Fire Codes: Application NFPA 1: This Code shall apply to both new and existing conditions. NFPA 101: The Code shall apply to both new construction and existing buildings and existing structures. • Various chapters contain specific provisions for existing buildings and structures that might differ from those for new construction. The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  21. Elements of Fire Codes: Previously Approved Features Where another provision of this Code exempts a previously approved feature from a requirement, the exemption shall be permitted, even where the following conditions exist: • The area is being modernized, renovated, or otherwise altered. • A change of occupancy has occurred, provided that the feature’s continued use is approved by the authority having jurisdiction. The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  22. Elements of Fire Codes: Maintenance Whenever or wherever any device, equipment, system, condition, arrangement, level of protection, or any other feature is required for compliance with the provisions of this Code, such device, equipment, system, condition, arrangement, level of protection, or other feature shall thereafter be maintained, unless the Code exempts such maintenance. NFPA 101 The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  23. Elements of Fire Codes:Change in Use or Occupancy A change of use that does not involve a change of occupancy classification shall comply with the requirements applicable to the new use in accordance with the applicable existing occupancy chapter, unless the change of use creates a hazardous contents area… NFPA 101 The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  24. Fire Codes and Hazardous Materials • Occupancy Type • Quantity thresholds • Exempt amounts (ICC) • Maximum Allowable Quantities (NFPA) • Control Areas • Number per level • Reduction by level above/below plane • Fire separation The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  25. Fire Codes andHazardous Materials • Fire Protection • Fire Sprinklers • Storage cabinets • Operating requirements • Spills and Releases • Closed and pen systems • Container size and handling • Secondary containment The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  26. Occupancy Types: ICC • Educational (K-12) • Business (Higher Education) • High-Hazard (Exceeding exempt quantities in control areas) • H-1: Explosives • H-2: Deflagration/Accelerated Combustion • H-3: Readily Supporting Combustion • H-4: Health Hazards • H-5: Semiconductor Fabrication The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  27. Occupancy Types: NFPA • Educational (K-12) • Business (Higher Education, Class D labs per NFPA 45 • Industrial (Class A, B and C labs per NFPA 45) • High Hazard (Exceeding MAQ per control area) • Protection Level 1: Explosives • Protection Level 2: Deflagration/Accelerated Burning • Protection Level 3: Readily supporting Combustion • Protection Level 4: Health hazards • Protection Level 5: Semiconductor Fabrication The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  28. Quantity Thresholds • Exempt Quantities per Control Area • IFC Table 2703.1.1(1) • Maximum Allowable Quantities per Control Area • NFPA 1 Table 60.1.26.2(c) • Adjustments to thresholds • Sprinklers • Storage cabinets The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  29. Control Areas The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  30. Control Areas Applied(Flammable Liquids) The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  31. Fuel Density Problem • Building 1 • Research • 4th floor • 1 hr fire separation • Ordinary 1 Sprinklers • 10 laboratories • Area Limit: ___ gal • Lab Limit: ____ gal • Building 2 • Instruction • 2nd Floor • No fire separation • Ordinary 1 sprinklers • 3 Laboratories • Area Limit: ___ gal • Lab Limit: ____ gal The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  32. Control Areas Applied(Highly Toxic Solids) The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  33. Control Areas Applied(Water Reactive 2) The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  34. Quantity Thresholds Levels 10 and up 9 8 7 6 5 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Level -1 Level -2 The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  35. Quantity Thresholds Mike Kehoe, FDNY Ladder 28 WTC Tower One, 9/11/01 The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  36. Control Area Example: ESU • Enormous State University Laboratory Building • 8 levels, B-7 • 560,000 gross square feet • 70,000 gsf per level • Labs on all floors • 14,000 net sf labs per level • Evenly distributed The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  37. Maximum fuel load: 4,968 gal Control Area Example: ESU The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  38. Exceeding Thresholds • Industrial occupancy • General • High Hazard (NFPA 5000 chapter 34) • Number and arrangement of exits • Panic hardware • Sprinklers • Protection Level/High Hazard • Additional Requirements by Hazard Class The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  39. Problems: Existing Conditions • Sprinkler coverage • Fire separation barriers • Number and arrangement of exits The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  40. Problems: Sloped Grade Level 1 Entrance Level 0 Entrance The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  41. NFPA 45 • NFPA 101 8.1/8.7.4 8.7.4 Laboratories [not a defined term…] 8.7.4.1 - Laboratories that use chemicals shall comply with NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals, unless otherwise modified by other provisions of this Code. • NFPA 1 chapter 26 • Not incorporated by IFC The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  42. NFPA 45 Concepts • Laboratory Unit (Annex D) • Laboratory Working Area (Annex D) • Laboratory Hazard Classification • Class A: High • Class B: Moderate • Class C: Low • Class D: Minimal The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  43. NFPA 45 Laboratories The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  44. NFPA 45 Laboratories The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  45. NFPA 45 Laboratories The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  46. NFPA 45 Laboratories The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  47. Flammable and combustible liquids (Class I, II and IIIA in aggregate), presuming coverage by sprinklers and storage in cabinets. Use the lower of these limits. NFPA 45 Fuel Load Limits The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  48. Fuel Load Limits2004 NFPA 45 and 2009 IFC Levels 10 and up Level 10 Level 9 9 Level 8 8 Level 7 7 Level 6 6 Level 5 5 Level 4 4 Level 3 Level 3 Level 2 Level 2 Level 1 Level 1 Level -1 Level -1 Level -2 Level -2 The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  49. NFPA 45 Laboratory Hazard Class The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

  50. Fuel Density Problem • Lab 1 • Research • 4th floor • 850 sf • 1 hr fire separation • Ordinary 1 Sprinklers • Hazard Class: ___ • Fuel Limit: ____ gal • Lab 2 • Instruction • 2nd Floor • 1,300 sf • No fire separation • Ordinary 1 sprinklers • Hazard Class: ___ • Fuel Limit: ____ gal The University of Texas at San Antonio Come Here, Go Far

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