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Biology 2250 Principles of Genetics

Biology 2250 Principles of Genetics. Instructors: Dr. Steven M. Carr  Molecular Genetics Dr. David J. Innes  Mendelian Genetics. Course Web Pages. Dr.Innes: www.mun.ca/biology/dinnes/B2250/B2250.html Dr. Carr: www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Bio2250.html

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Biology 2250 Principles of Genetics

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  1. Biology 2250Principles of Genetics Instructors: Dr. Steven M. CarrMolecular Genetics Dr. David J. InnesMendelian Genetics

  2. Course Web Pages Dr.Innes:www.mun.ca/biology/dinnes/B2250/B2250.html Dr. Carr:www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Bio2250.html Text Web Page:http://www.whfreeman.com/mga/ Virtual Fly:http://www.biologylabsonline.com/

  3. Tentative Lecture Dates and Topics Carr: Sept. 8 – Oct. 4Structure and function of DNA and genes Innes: Oct. 13 – Nov. 15 Mendelian Genetics Carr: Nov. 22 – Dec. 1 Molecular Genomics Tests: I Oct. 6 (Thurs) II Nov.17 (Thurs)

  4. Weekly Online Quizzes Marks Oct. 14 Example Quiz 2** for logging in Oct. 21 Quiz 1 2 Oct. 28 Quiz 2 2 Nov. 4 Quiz 3 2 Nov. 10 Quiz 4 2

  5. WebCT Quizzes Log in: http://webct.mun.ca:8900/

  6. Webct quizzes

  7. Course Goals Understanding of basic genetics Solve problems Think and think critically Contribute to a discussion on current issues in genetics (GMO, gene therapy…)

  8. What is Genetics ? - Genetics is the study of heredity and variation - Examples of genetic variation (within species) 1. Domesticated species 2. Human genetics 3. Natural Populations Genetic variation Phenotypic variation Molecular genetic variation

  9. Cultivated varieties

  10. Animal Breeds

  11. Human Genetic Variation

  12. Natural Populations

  13. DNA Sequence Molecular Genetic Variation DNA Fingerprint Protein variation Which suspect matches blood stain ?

  14. Subareas of Genetics cytogenetics molecular genetics human genetics population genetics quantitative genetics developmental genetics immunogenetics etc. etc.

  15. Genetic Journals American Journal of Medical Genetics Clinical Genetics Developmental Genetics Human Molecular Genetics Genetics European J. of Human Genetics Genetics Selection Evolution Nature Genetics Genetika Fungal Genetics and Biology Genome Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics Genomics American J. Human Genetics Heredity Annals of Human Genetics Hereditas Opthalmic Genetics Japanese Journal of Human Genetics Human Genetics Journal of Heredity Current Genetics Molecular Biology and Evolution Animal Genetics Molecular Ecology Brazilian J. Genetics Molecular and General Genetics Biochemical Genetics Theoretical and Applied Genetics J. of Medical Genetics Trends in Genetics (http://www.trends.com/tig/default.htm)

  16. History of Genetics Domestication of animals Cultivation of plants

  17. Historical Notes 1953 J. D.Watson and F. Crick(*) DNA Structure http://www.sil.si.edu/Exhibitions/Science-and-the-Artists-Book/bioc.htm

  18. Advances in Genetics Human Genome Sequence http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/ Drosophila Genome sequence http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/ Other organsims: http://daphnia.cgb.indiana.edu/ http://www.jgi.doe.gov/

  19. Genetic Information Online Mendelian Inhertitance in Man (OMIM) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM Online Mendelian Inhertiance in Animals (OMIA) http://omia.angis.org.au/

  20. Ethical Issues in Genetics

  21. Ethical Issues in Genetics Genetically modified organisms (GMO) Gene therapy (Parkinson’s) http://hdlighthouse.org/research/genetherapy/updates/0053parkinson.phtml Designer genes Data banks of DNA finger prints (criminals?) Cloning (Stem cell research)

  22. Cloning 1999 - 2002 1997 1998 Sheep Mice Pig Goat Cow Dolly “An udder way of making lambs” “Cc” copy cat nucleus foster egg

  23. Genetics in the News

  24. Basic Concepts of Genetics(Chapter 1) Nucleus contains genetic material DNA genetic material  4 bases (nucleotides G, C, A, T) Gene functional unit of heredity  sequence of 4 nucleotides Chromosome linear DNA molecule

  25. Pairs of Chromosomes (maternal, paternal) Two sets of chromosomes: diploid One set of chromosomes: haploid

  26. DNA Replication

  27. Gene Expression 2. Translation of mRNA: triplet codon Amino acid 1. Transcription of mRNA from DNA

  28. Understanding Genetics Relationship between: GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT PHENOTYPE set of genes morphology inherited physiology behaviour

  29. Interaction of genes and environment Phenotype Genotype

  30. Mendelian Genetics Topics: - Transmission of DNA during cell division Mitosis and Meiosis (Ch. 4) - Segregation (Ch. 5) - Sex linkage (Ch. 5) - Inheritance and probability (Ch.5) - Mendelian genetics in humans (pedigrees) (Ch.5) - Independent Assortment (Ch. 6) - Linkage (Ch. 6) - Gene mapping (Ch. 6)

  31. Mendelian Genetics Topics (cont.): - Tetrad Analysis (mapping in fungi) - Extensions to Mendelian Genetics - Gene mutation - Chromosome mutation - (Quantitative and population genetics)

  32. Basic Concepts of Genetics Cell/nuclear division Mitosis (somatic tissue): identical cells Meiosis (germ tissue): gametes (variation)

  33. Mendelian Genetics:Chromosomes Readings: Transmission of DNA and cell division - Mitosis and meiosis (Ch. 4) pp. 92, 100 – 113

  34. Chromosome Theory of Inheritance (Ch. 4) - genes organized into chromosomes correlation: Genetics & Cytology - theory can explain the behaviour of genes (segregation and independent assortment)

  35. Chromosome and DNA Replication DNA replication results in chromosome replication 2. Nuclear and cell division

  36. Mitosis Cell cycle: S = synthesis G = “gaps” n = # of chr. in a set n Haploid (n) 2n Diploid (2n)

  37. Meiosis n 2n

  38. Animal Polar bodies n n egg

  39. Plant n gp = gametophyte

  40. Fungus

  41. Cytological Observations 1. Constancy of the number of chromosomes Morphologically similar pairs (diploid) 3. Gametes - contain one set (haploid) 2n n Homologous chromosomes

  42. Two processes of nuclear division 1. Mitosis (somatic tissue) 2. Meiosis (germ tissue)

  43. Mitosis 1. one parent cell--------> 2 identical daughter cells 2. same in all organisms 3. simple: (a) each chromosome doubles (identical) (b) identical halves separate

  44. Four Stages of Mitosis 1.Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

  45. Chromosome replication 1. Prophase - chromosomes condense - 2 chromatids (sister chromatids) - centromere - nuclear membrane breaks down

  46. 2. Metaphase Nuclear spindle - chromosomes attach to spindle fibers - chromosomes migrate to plane between poles - maximum contraction: karyotype - number - centromere position - length

  47. 3. Anaphase - centromeres divide - sister chromatids separate

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