Subordinating Conjunctions that Introduce Dependent Clauses for Cause and Effect:

1. Subordinating Conjunctions that Introduce Dependent Clauses for Cause and Effect: WhenBecauseSinceIf Now That So that • by Patricia Galien • http://pjgalien.wordpress.com/

2. Independent and Dependent Clauses An independent clause has a subject and a verb. is a complete thought. can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause has a subject and a verb. is not a complete thought. cannot stand alone as a sentence. A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause.

3. When When you studied time order, you learned about time clauses. Sometimes the subordinating conjunction when is also used to convey the meaning of cause and effect. dependent clause independent clause When my dog is happy, she smiles. comma cause effect no comma independent clause dependent clause My dog smiles when she is happy. effect cause http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Happy_Stella.jpg

4. Because Like all dependent clauses, a clause that begins with the subordinating conjunction because can be at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. If it is at the beginning of the sentence, you need a comma. If it is at the end, you do not need a comma. dependent clause independent clause comma Because I didn’t sleep well last night, I am tired today. cause effect I am tired today because I didn’t sleep well last night. effect cause no comma dependent clause independent clause http://www.ineedmotivation.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/tired.jpg

5. Because comma Because my spelling is not good, I started a spelling list. cause effect dependent clause independent clause I started a spelling list because my spelling is not good. effect no comma cause independent clause dependent clause http://kh075.k12.sd.us/images/ABCBLOCK.jpg

6. Since Identify the dependent and independent clauses. comma Is this a dependent or and independent clause? dependent clause Is this a dependent or and independent clause? independent clause Since Roberto enjoys helping other people, he became a nurse. cause effect independent clause dependent clause Roberto became a nurse since he enjoys helping other people. effect cause no comma http://www.craigcalman.com/images/MaleNurseRiversring.jpg

7. If The subordinating conjunction if can also convey the meaning of cause and effect. cause effect If you take the far elevator, you can go to the top floor. effect cause You can go to the top floor if you take the far elevator. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/ESB_Elevators.JPG

8. If cause effect If you study hard, you will do well in school. effect cause You will do well in school if you study hard. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kyrgyz_student.jpg

9. Now That cause Now that you are wearing your hat and scarf, you will not be cold. effect You will not be cold now that you are wearing your hat and scarf. effect cause http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Well-clothed_baby.jpg

10. So That So that is sometimes used for cause and effect. Other times it is used to give an explanation. cause I took a keyboarding class so that I could write my papers for college more quickly. effect explanation Oh, so that’s how you learned to type so quickly. http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4784277/Step4_Full.jpg