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Analysis I

Chapter three: Unit four (I): You are What You Think *subject vs. topic (theme). Analysis I. Read the following sentences and their translation. Find the difference between them.

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Analysis I

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  1. Chapter three: Unit four (I): You are What You Think *subject vs. topic (theme)

  2. Analysis I • Read the following sentences and their translation. Find the difference between them. • There are essential differences between China and the United States in their social systems and foreign policies. • 中美两国的社会制度和对外政策有着本质的区别。 • Two widely used household electric apparatus are television and refrigerator. • 电视机和电冰箱是两种常用的家用电器。

  3. Analysis II • In other words, students do not have to pass a test to be admitted to a two-year institution. • 换句话说，进两年制大学学习不用考试。（original S. omitted) • Europeaninterest in MBA programs had to wait until the late 1950s. • 直到20世纪50年代，欧洲人才开始对MBA 产生兴趣。 • Courseswere designed to integrate functional skills, and to emphasize international cultural and business learning. • 课程的设置旨在将实用技能融会贯通，注重国际性文化背景和商业知识的学习。

  4. Questions • What is the difference between the English and Chinese expressions? • What do you think causes the difference? • Viewpoint, sentence forming • E: Hypotaxis: subject + predicate • Ch: Parataxis: topic + statement • Does Chinese topic function the same as English subject? What is a subject?

  5. Subject vs. topic (theme) (1) • English Subject (the traditional explanation in linguistics) • It refers to one of the nouns in the nominative case. • She loves her father. • Grammatically speaking, subject refers to a noun which can establish correspondence with the verb and which can be checked by a tag-question test. • Heis a teacher. (Isn’t he? X Isn’t a teacher) • He was taught by the teacher. (Wasn’t he?)

  6. Subject vs. topic (theme) (2) • Semantically, a subject is the doer of the action. • The boy kicked the dog. • The dog is kicked. (dog is the doee) • The books sold well. (book is not the doer) • Psychologically, people tend to regard the first major constituent of a sentence as the subject. • The moon is rising. • Yesterday, I went to the zoo. • Can this be used in the analysis of Chinese sentences?

  7. Subject vs. topic (theme) (3) • Analyze the following sentences • 北京我没到过。 我的法语看报很吃力。 • 他脸色不大好。 这墙没法钉钉子。 • 自行车骑走了。 家里的事不用你管。 • In Chinese, topic is what is stated and described. Topic ≠ subject • Theme (a new idea, from discourse analysis) • Halliday divides a sentence into theme and rheme. Theme is the part appears at the beginning of the sentence.

  8. Subject vs. topic (theme) (4) • sentence • theme rheme • Discourse Modal cognitive • Well then /surely /he // must have made a lot of money.

  9. Subject vs. topic (theme) (5) • More examples: theme-rheme • Without computer, it is impossible to solve the problem. • …, it is impossible to solve the problem. • Compare some sentences and their translation in the text: (difference) • Do youseethe glass as half full rather than half empty? • Do you see… • 盛有半杯水的杯子，你是否只考虑它有水的一半，而不管哪没水的一半？ • …你是否只考虑它有水的一半，而不管哪没水的一半？

  10. Subject vs. topic (theme) (6) • In a major study, psychologist Seligman surveyed sales representatives at…Co. • …, psychologist Seligman surveyed sales representatives at…Co. • 心理学家塞里曼……对保险公司的销售人员做过一次重要的调查。 • More examples on the textbook • P110 1-3

  11. Practice 1 • Their waytakes them through quiet streets of old brownstones, one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city, then up and over the Brooklyn Bridge with its cathedral arches supporting the weblike drapery of cables, then down into the skyscraper canyons of the financial district. • 他们先是沿着褐色石头铺成的古老而又寂静的街道向前走，经过一个全市最古老的街区，继而跨上布鲁克林大桥，穿过支撑着网状钢缆的教堂式桥拱，最后径直步入摩天大楼巍然耸立的金融区。

  12. Practice 2 • One hundred years later, the life of the Negrois still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. • 一百年后， 黑人的生活仍然是悲惨的，他们生活在种族隔离的枷锁下和种族歧视额的镣铐之中。 • 一百年后的今天， 黑人仍悲惨地生活在种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。 • 一百年后， 黑人依然在种族隔离的枷锁和种族歧视的镣铐下过着凄惨的生活。

  13. Practice 3 • It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. • 很明显，今天美国已经拖欠了这张期票，至少就有色人种公民而言。 • 今天，就有色人种的公民而言，美国显然没有将这张期票兑现。

  14. Practice 4 • 1. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the U.S. last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. • 2. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the U.S. this year. • 3. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. • 4. And by 2050, the U.N. estimates, it will probably near 9 billion.

  15. Practice 5 • 1、A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the U.S. last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. • 农业部统计资料显示，去年美国种植的1/3玉米及一半以上的大豆和棉花都是转基因生物技术产品。 • 2、More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the U.S. this year. • 今年，美国将种植6500多万公顷的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经跑出了瓶子。

  16. Practice 6 • 3、Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subject to rigorous testing. • 比如，和任何一种要进入食物链的新产品一样，转基因食物也必须经过严格的检验。 • And by 2050, the U.N. estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. • 联合国估计，到2050年，这个数字可能将达到90亿。

  17. Discussion and Homework • Discussion on passage 7 • Paragraph 7: context, “section”, “for six years” • Paragraph 8 & 9: connection, “know” • Paragraph 10: description: “head lowered, his hands hanging between his knees” • Paragraph 11: mood • Paragraph 13: “the right thing is usually just what everybody don’t do. • Paragraph 14: “secretary”, “when he did not come back,”

  18. Discussion 1 • “We borrow the money for six years. Well, with the money we buy a half-section from Linstrum and ahalf from Crow, and a quarter from Struble, maybe. That will give us upwards of fourteen hundred acres, won’t it? • “我们借6年的钱。那么，用这笔钱我们从林斯特伦姆家买半块地，克罗家买半块地，从斯特鲁布尔那买四分之一快地，也许。这会给我们总共1400多英亩地。是不是？ • “我们贷款以6年为期。那么，用这笔钱我们可以买下林斯特伦姆家320英亩和克罗家320英亩两块宅地，说不定还能把斯特鲁布尔那160英亩也买过来。这样我们就将有1400多英亩地。不是吗？ • “我们贷款6年。那么，用这笔钱我们可以从林斯特伦姆家和克罗家各买320英亩地，说不定还能从斯特鲁布尔那买160英亩地。这样我们就会有1400多英亩地。不是吗？

  19. Discussion 2 • You won’t have to pay off your mortgages for six years. By that time, any of this land will be worth thirty dollars an acre—it will be worth fifty, but we’ll say thirty; then you can sell a garden patch anywhere, and pay off a debt of sixteen hundred dollars. • 你们用不着非用六年的时间偿还抵押。到时候这儿的每块地都值30美元一英亩！——其实是50美元。我们就说是30美元。然后你可以卖掉一块花园来偿还1600元的债款. • 在6年之内你用不着偿还贷款。等6年期限到时，(6年内你用不着还款。六年后，) 这里的任何一块土地都会值30美元1英亩─ 很可能会值50美元，但我们姑且按30算。那时候随便卖一块(花园大小的)地就可以还清1600元欠债。 • 你们的贷款不用还六年。到那时，这里的任何一块土地都会值30美元1英亩——很可能会值50美元，但我们按30算。那么你可以卖掉任何一块地来还清1600元欠债。

  20. Discussion 3 • He says the right thing is usually just what everybody don’t do. • 他说正确的事往往恰好是人人都不做的事。/（他说真理往往掌握在少数人手中。） • When they came back Lou played on his dragharmonika and Oscar sat figuring at his father’s secretary all evening. • 回屋之后，卢开始拉他的六角手风琴，奥斯卡则整晚坐在父亲那张书桌前盘算。 • When he did not come back, Alexandra threw a shawl over her head and ran down the path to the windmill. • 发现他久久未归，亚历山德拉便披上一块头巾循路去了风车房。 • 看到他没回来，亚历山德拉披上一块头巾，循路去了风车房。 • 当他没回来时，亚历山德拉披上一块头巾，跑向去风车房的路。 • Other points

  21. Homework • Read the text and its translation of this unit. Pay attention to the sentence patterns. • Study the translation of passage 7. • Read from P109 to P112. • No written work

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