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Role of Forage in Nutrition

Role of Forage in Nutrition. Natural feed of all herbivorous animals. Provide a source of energy, protein and fiber etc. Converts poorly digested feedstuffs to highly digestible feeds in the human food chain

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Role of Forage in Nutrition

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  1. Role of Forage in Nutrition • Natural feed of all herbivorous animals. • Provide a source of energy, protein and fiber etc. • Converts poorly digested feedstuffs to highly digestible feeds in the human food chain • Necessary for proper functioning of the digestive system of all herbivores especially ruminants • Supplying nutrients for microbial fermentation • Stimulatory effect • Muscle tone • Passage rate • Maintenance of epithelium

  2. Forage Defined • Vegetable material in a fresh, dried or ensiled state which is fed to livestock. • Average fiber content in dry state = 18% • Bulky feed with lower energy content concentrates. • Forage is used interchangeably with roughage. • Lower digestibility than concentrates. • Protein content varies from +20 % to 3 % . • Forages are generally higher in Calcium and Potassium but lower in Phosphorus than conc. [ ] • Higher in fat soluble vitamins than [ ].

  3. % of Feeds for Different Classes of U.S. Livestock1(Average) 1USDA Economic Research Service data for feed years 1983-84.

  4. Hay Alfalfa Clover Grasses Timothy Bermuda Brome Stover Corn Cottonseed Hulls Pasture Permanent Rotational 200-400# beef/y Intensive 600# of beef/y Range Silage Corn Milo Haylage Alfalfa Grass Cereal Grains Forage Types

  5. Hay • Defined: • Forage harvested during the growing period and preserved by drying for subsequent use. • Magnitude and importance • 60+ million acres nationwide • 150 million tons • $10 billion annual crop • Economics loss from poor hay making. (Billions)

  6. Hay as an Energy Source

  7. Feedlot Performance

  8. Feedlot performance: Hi energy versus all Forage ration

  9. Feed Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Glycogen Fatty acids|Glycerol Amino Acids Glucose Urea Cycle Glycolysis Electron Transport System Urea excreted in urine Pyruvate CoA ATP ADP Transamination Acetyl CoA H+ Energy & Work Kreb Cycle 2CO2 H2O

  10. Gross Energy Digestible Energy (DE) (TDN) Urinary & Combustible Energy Metabolizable Energy (ME) Net Energy (NE) Heat Increment Net Energy Maintenance (Nem) Net Energy Production (Nel)

  11. Proximate Analysis • Moisture • Dilute nutrient concentration • Crude Protein • Quality of Forage • Crude Fiber • Structural Carbohydrates, Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin • Negatively correlated to Nutritive value (less digestible) • Crude Fat • Fats and lipids in forage 2.25 times higher in energy than carbohydrates and protein and are highly digestible • Ash • Nitrogen-Free Extract • Calculated

  12. Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) The lower the value the more the animal will eat Cell wall material Comprised of: Hemicellulose Cellulose Lignin Lignified N Insoluble Ash Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) The lower the value the more the animal will eat Highly indigestible plant material in forage Comprised of: Cellulose Lignin Insoluble Ash Chemical Analysis – Detergent Analysis System

  13. Proximate Analysis Van Soest Method Soluble Cell contents Soluble proteins, lipids, and minerals Nitrogen free extract Sugars, starches, and pectins Hemicellulose Cellulose Neutral detergent fiber Acid Detergent fiber Crude Fiber Lignin

  14. Effects of Quality of Alfalfa Hay on performance of Lactating Cows

  15. Effect of 5 Different Qualities of Hay on Daily Feed Cost 1200 cow herd

  16. Effect of Quality of Fescue Hay on Cattle Gains

  17. Relative Feed Value (RFV) • Uses NDF and ADF values to compute an index to compare all types of forages. • RFV = % DDM X % DMI / 1.29 • Where • % DDM = 88.9 – (ADF % X 0.779) • % DMI = 120 / % NDF

  18. Relative Feed Values of Various Forages Source: Holland and Kezar 1990.

  19. Effect of NDF Content of Forage on DMI Source:Van Soest and Mertens.1985.

  20. % Change in Alfalfa Composition at Different Maturities Source:Burritt et.al. 1984

  21. High Moisture Feeds • Silage • Corn • Hay • High Moisture Grains • Green chop • Baglage

  22. Composition of Various Silages

  23. 30-35 % Dry Matter 8-9 % Crude Protein pH<4.2 Requires 2-3 weeks for the ensiling process Length of cut 3/8 of an inch theoretical cut Utilizes entire plant which increases land utilization Must be made at proper maturity- Black layer present on kernel Proper oxygen free storage essential- hard packed. Corn Silage – Excellent Energy Source

  24. Corn Silage – cont’d • Complex sugars and carbohydrates are broken down into lactic acid, acetic acid, and small amount of alcohols and other acids • Small quantities of proteins are broken down into ammonia, amino acids, amines and amides • Acidity reaches levels where the ensiling bacteria die ending the process. • Molds and yeast growth are inhibited unless air is re-introduced. (Secondary fermentation)

  25. Advantages 22-32 % moisture Reduce drying cost Harvest earlier Later maturing – Higher producing yields Increased feeding value Disadvantage Large inventory of high moisture grain Limits market flexibility May freeze or cause fly problem in warmer months Handling High Moisture Corn - Barley

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