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Materials developed under the European programme:

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS. Materials developed under the European programme:. BIZNES MIĘDZYNARODOWY. SYLLABUS. Dlaczego narody handlują ze sobą? Teorie wymiany międzynarodowej. Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki geograficzne. Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki polityczne. Czynniki prawne.

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Materials developed under the European programme:

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  1. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Materials developed under the European programme:

  2. BIZNES MIĘDZYNARODOWY SYLLABUS • Dlaczego narody handlują ze sobą? Teorie wymiany międzynarodowej. • Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki geograficzne. • Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki polityczne. Czynniki prawne. • Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki kulturowe. • Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki ekonomiczne.

  3. BIZNES MIĘDZYNARODOWY SYLLABUS • Handel zagraniczny. Definicje podstawowe. • Pośrednicy w obrocie międzynarodowym. • Organizacja obrotu. INCOTERMS 2000. • Organizacje międzynarodowe. • Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki ekonomiczne.

  4. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS International Trade Theories Materials developed under the European programme:

  5. Mercantilism Absolute Advantage Comparative Advantage Hecksher-Ohlin Theorem International Product Life Cycle Why do nations trade?

  6. One of first economic doctrines (1550 to 1800) Wealth measured in gold. accumulate gold by exporting more than importing Since amount of gold is finite, trade is zero-sum Assumes governments can control trade France and Japan are modern “neomercantilist” examples Mercantilism

  7. Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations Produce and export goods at which each nation is most efficient Labor is primary cost factor Absolute Advantage

  8. Ricardo in 1817 Trade success although no absolute advantage in trade goods Produce and export goods at which each nation is relatively most efficient Labor is primary cost factor Comparative Advantage

  9. Differences in production factors Adds land and capital to labor as production factors that add value Concentrate on goods requiring most abundant factor Doesn’t account for transportation costs taste preferences available technology Heckscher-Ohlin Theory

  10. Related to product life cycle theory in marketing International Product Life Cycle Intro. Growth Maturity Decline Unit Sales Time

  11. International Product Life Cycle Exports Imports Unit Sales Domestic Sales Domestic Production Domestic Exports Foreign Production Foreign Competition Import Competition time

  12. Economies of Scale/Experience Curve Lindler Theory of Overlapping Demand Porter’s Competitive Advantage of Nations Newer Explanations

  13. Focused on manufactured goods Trade between nations with similar per capita income Consumers’ demands are similar (overlapping) Lindler Theory ofOverlapping Demand

  14. Four variables in competitive advantage demand conditions factor conditions related and supporting industries firm strategy, structure, competition Porter’s Competitive Advantage of Nations

  15. National defense Infant industries Protection of domestic jobs Retaliation Dumping Export subsidies Trade Restrictions

  16. Tariff Barriers Ad Valorem Specific Compound Types of Restrictions • Taxes • Value Added Tax • Import/Export Taxes • Excise duty

  17. Quantitative quotas, orderly marketing arrangements, countertrade Non Quantitative government subsidies standards Non-Tariff Barriers

  18. Developed nations Newly industrialized economies (NIEs) Developing nations Economic Development

  19. Western European nations United States Japan Australia New Zealand Canada Developed Nations

  20. Brazil Mexico Malaysia Thailand Chile Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) • South Korea • Taiwan • Hong Kong • Singapore

  21. Widely used to compare nations Values are estimated Some GNP unreported Barter trade not reported Exchange rates may not reflect actual value Assumes equal distribution Include other measures GNP/Capita as Indicator

  22. GNP/Capital less than $2,000 Unequal distribution Technological dualism Majority earn income from agriculture Unproductive agriculture Large unemployment figures Characteristics of Developing Nations-1

  23. Health problems and malnutrition High illiteracy High population growth Reliance on few products for export Difficult topography Low savings rate Political instability Characteristics of Developing Nations-2

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