Work and Health HL1115

2. Work and HealthHL1115 Sean Mahar, PhD, CIH, CSP, PE

3. Qualifications • BS, Sacred Heart University • MS, Texas A&M University • PhD, University of Iowa • Certified Industrial Hygienist • Certified Safety Professional • Professional Engineer

4. Experience • U of Wolverhampton, 7 years • Ohio University, 3 years • Worksafe Iowa, 3 years • US Navy, 9 years • Tracor, 1 year

5. ASSESSMENT METHODS AND WEIGHTING • Essay of no more than 1500 words 50% • Unseen examination of 2 hours. 50% • Students are required to pass (minimum grade D5) (i) essay and (ii) the examination in order to pass the module. Please note that plagiarism will be dealt with according to University Regulations.

6. ASSESSMENT BRIEFING • Select a specific occupation and identify the hazards that might be present in that particular work environment. Discuss the potential adverse effects on health. Include in your essay the effect that individual lifestyle and pre-existing health status may have on factors found in the working environment. Identify any relevant legislation in force to protect employees.

7. ASSESSMENT BRIEFING • Select a particular work-related condition and discuss the effects on health status. Identify the range of employees who may be affected and what effect personal lifestyle factors play in increasing susceptibility in some individuals. What relevant legislation is in force as a protective measure?

8. ASSESSMENT BRIEFING Factors to consider 1. When identifying hazards at work remember it is not just the main hazard which is significant. You also need to consider what other factors are in the work environment which may add to or increase risks.

9. ASSESSMENT BRIEFING Hazards are categorised into the following: • Physical • Chemical • Biological • Mechanical • Psycho-social Several of these hazards may be found in one work environment.

10. ASSESSMENT BRIEFING 2. An understanding of the role of health and safety legislation will be looked for, but it will not be necessary to quote large sections from any Regulations or Acts.

11. ASSESSMENT BRIEFING 3. Structure is important - your work must have a title and introduction which will set down the issues you wish to address. If relevant, you may wish to include some historical perspective but beware of making this too long.

12. ASSESSMENT BRIEFING The introduction will be followed by the main body of your discussion - which should demonstrate logical progression to your conclusion and demonstrate understanding of the health effects of your chosen occupation or hazard. The conclusion should summarise what has gone before.

13. ASSESSMENT BRIEFING 4. Referencing and bibliography: any material used to help you write this essay should be acknowledged in order to avoid plagiarism. The bibliography should consist of all books and articles read, any direct quotes or references within the text of your work should appear in a reference list. Harvard method of referencing is preferred.

14. Topics Introduction: Historical overview: Agricola, Paracelsus, Ramazzini, Industrial Revolution, first involvement of the state in monitoring health effects. Factors affecting health - recent statistics HSE, mortality rates. Overview of relevant legislation; HASAWA 74, HSC, HSE, EMAS Welfare benefits, Social Security Acts, Prescribed diseases and disablement benefit

15. Topics Occupational lung disorders: asthma, byssinosis, pnuemoconiosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma, farmers lung, acute and chronic effects of exposure to toxic fumes Back injury, cumulative strain, upper limb disorders, ergonomics. Skin conditions, occupational dermatitis; contact/allergic, effects of solvents, alkalines

16. Topics Toxic substances and the effect on body systems. Chemical hazards - Occupational Cancer Transmissible diseases - infections, body fluids.

17. Topics Physical hazards: Noise and hearing impairment. Physical hazards: Temperature, Vibration and Radiation Mechanical hazards and accidents

18. Topics Vulnerable groups of workers: Women, Reproductive hazards, Ethnic minority groups, pre-disposing conditions, lifestyles. Human factors. Psycho-social factors: Occupational stress - fight or flight, organisational styles, Hawthorne effect, group dynamics, interpersonal relationships, bullying, unemployment.

19. History In ancient times work was performed by slaves and no concern was made regarding worker health. 4th century BC Hippocratesnotes lead toxicity in miners 1st century AD Pliny the Elderdiscusses hazards of zinc and sulphur and describes early respirator 2nd century AD Galenwrites of acid mist hazards to miners

20. History 1473 Ulrich Ellenborgdescribed industrial poisoning from lead and mercury and suggests preventative measures 1556 Greorgious Agricoladescribes ulcerations of lungs from dust inhalation in De re metallica 1567 Phillipus Paracelsus' (1493-1541) treatise on diseases of miners published, Swiss alchemist was highly controversial and held in low regard by peers

21. History 1700 Bernardo Ramazzini, father of occupational medicine, published De Morbis Artificum in which he describes various illnesses, causes and suggest preventative measures. Patient case histories should include the question "of what trade are you?"

22. History 18th century Sir George Bakerattributes "Devonshire colic" to lead in cider industryPercival Pottrecognizes soot as causative agent in scrotal cancer, leading to Chimney-Sweepers Act of 1788Charles Thackrahwrites treatise on occupational health urging employers to "let benevolence be directed to the prevention, rather than the relief of evils."

23. History 19th century Sir Robert Peelbrings the attention of Parliament to the deplorable conditions in factories 1833 Passage of first Factory Act, limiting child labor hours and providing for factory inspections in certain industries, expansions of industries in subsequent acts in 1864, 1867 and 1878.

24. History 20th century Dr. Alice Hamilton, wrote extensively on various occupations, their illnesses and solutions to these problems.

25. History 1970 The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (U.S.) • promulgation and enforcement by Department of Labor • research and education by Department of Health, Education and Welfare • purpose to "assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources."

26. History 1974 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 • created health and safety commission and executive • purpose to "to make further provision for securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work, for protecting others against risks to health or safety in connection with the activities of persons at work, for controlling the keeping and use and preventing the unlawful acquisition, possession and of dangerous substances, and for controlling certain emissions into the atmosphere; to make further provision with respect to the employment medical advisory service;"

27. History 1992 Health and Safety Regulations - (EC Six-pack) • Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations • Workplace (Health and Safety and Welfare) Regulations • Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations • Manual Handling Operations Regulations • Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations • Personal Protective Equipment Regulations

28. Important legislation • The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act • Management of Health and Safety at Work • Control of Substances Hazardous to Health • The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations • Workplace health, safety and welfare

29. Trends of illness and disease in the workplace The Industrial Injuries Scheme • administered by the Department of Social Security (DSS) • awards compensation to sufferers of certain "prescribed diseases" as outlined in the Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Regulations 1985 (as amended)

30. Trends of illness and disease in the workplace • Conditions which have a well-established occupational cause such as vibration white finger, lead poisoning and nasal cancer from exposure to hardwood dust. Except for pneumoconiosis, mesothelioma, byssinosis and deafness, which are covered by special medical boards for respiratory diseases and deafness; benefit is payable only if the degree of disablement is assessed as 14% or more.

31. Trends of illness and disease in the workplace Occupational Mortality Statistics • collected from death certificates by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS). • form the basis of occupational mortality statistics.

32. Trends of illness and disease in the workplace Statutory Reporting The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) • require employers to report all cases of the diseases listed in the Regulations to the relevant enforcing authority.

33. Trends of illness and disease in the workplace Voluntary Reporting Schemes SWORD (Surveillance of Work-related and Occupational Respiratory Disease) • run by the Epidemiological Surveillance Unit at the National Heart and Lung Institute began in 1989 and gathers data on occupation-related respiratory disease EPI-DERM • surveillance scheme for occupational skin diseases run by a team at the University of Manchester Centre for Occupational Health began with dermatologists reporting in 1993 and occupational health physicians reporting in 1995.

34. Trends of illness and disease in the workplace The Labour Force Survey (LFS) • carried out annually by OPCS on behalf of the Employment Department. • The 1990 survey included a trailer questionnaire. • The question of interest in the field of occupational health was: "In the last twelve months, have you suffered from any illness, disability or other physical problem that was caused or made worse by your work?" If the respondent answered positively, further questions were asked to establish the nature of the illness and the job that was believed to have caused it.

35. Risk Assessment • Council Directive 89/391/EEC • Management of Health and Safety at Work 1999 • Control of Substances Hazardous to Health 2002 (COSHH)

36. Hazard and Risk • Hazard: the inherent potential to cause harm or injury • Risk: the likelihood of harm or injury arising from a hazard

37. Hazard and Risk • Hazard is the potential • Risk is the likelihood

38. Risk Assessment Council Directive 89/391/EEC Article 9,Various obligations on employers The employer shall be in possession of an assessment of the risks to safety and health at work, including those facing groups of workers exposed to particular risks;

39. Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 3 Risk Assessment, requires employers to make a suitable and sufficient assessment of risks to the health and safety of their employees whilst at work

40. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulation 6Risk Assessment, requires employers to make a suitable and sufficient assessment of risks to the health and safety of their employees whilst at work

41. Risk Assessment A "suitable and sufficient" assessment: • correctly identifies any significant risk that is reasonably foreseeable • enables the assessor to decide what action needs to be taken, and what the priorities should be • is appropriate for the type of activity

42. Risk Assessment • remains valid for a reasonable time • reflects what employers may reasonably practicably be expected to know about the risks associated with their undertaking.

43. Risk Assessment It should: • disregard inconsequential risks and those trivial risks associated with life in general • determine the likelihood of injury or harm arising

44. Risk Assessment • quantify the severity of the consequences and the numbers of people who would be affected • take into account any existing control measures • identify any specific legal duty or requirement relating to the hazard

45. Risk Assessment • remain valid for a reasonable period of time • provide sufficient information to enable the employer to decide upon appropriate control measures, taking into account the latest scientific developments and advances • enable the employer to prioritise remedial measures

46. Risk Assessment • Look for the hazards • Decide who might be harmed and how • Evaluate the risks and decide whether the existing precautions are adequate or whether more should be done • Record your findings • Review your assessment and revise it if necessary

47. Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations Duties specified • employer to provide first aid • employer to inform employees of the first aid arrangements • self-employed person to provide first aid equipment.

48. Questions?