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Introduction to biology

Introduction to biology. Biology. Bios-: greek for life -logy: study of A biologist uses the scientific method to study living things Biology is the study of life Zoology Botany Microbiology Ecology Marine Biology Genetics Cell biology Anatomy and physiology Paleontology.

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Introduction to biology

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  1. Introduction to biology

  2. Biology • Bios-: greek for life • -logy: study of • A biologist uses the scientific method to study living things • Biology is the study of life • Zoology • Botany • Microbiology • Ecology • Marine Biology • Genetics • Cell biology • Anatomy and physiology • Paleontology

  3. So….What makes something “living”? • Made up of cells • Reproduce • Genetic code • Growth and development • Obtain and use materials (resources) and energy • Respond to their environment • Maintain a stable internal environment • As a group, they change over time

  4. Made Up of Cells • Cell • Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier • Smallest structural unit of all living things • Prokaryotic cells • Cell without a nucleus, DNA is in cytoplasm • Eukaryotic Cells • Cell with a nucleus that contains the genetic material (DNA) • Unicellular • “uni-” means one • Organism that is made of one cell • Example: bacteria • Prokaryotic cells • Multi-cellular • “multi-” means many • Contain hundreds, thousands, even trillions of cells • Many cells work together to make the living organism function • Cells vary in size, shape and function • Example: plants and animals

  5. Ability to Reproduce • Asexual reproduction • Organism has single parent • Genetically identical to parent • Splits in half • Sexual reproduction • Cells from two different parents unite to form new organism • Increases genetic variety and survival of species

  6. Based on a Genetic Code • DNA nucleic acid that carries all the information about the organism • DeoxyriboNucleicAcid DNA • RiboNucleicAcid RNA • All living organisms have DNA, the “blue prints” of life

  7. Growth and Development • Growth means increase in size, such as certain bacteria • Development refers to cells dividing to • Includes periods of rapid growth and dramatic change • Sometimes different stages (think caterpillar) • During development, cells multiply and are assigned specific functions and roles within the multi-cellular organism…DIFFERENTIATION

  8. Obtain and Use materials and Energy AUTOTROPHIC vs HETEROTROPHIC • Obtain energy by taking in resources • Plants-sunlight • Lizard-insects • Metabolism • Combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials to carry out life processes

  9. Respond to their Environment • Stimulus • A signal to which an organism responds • External Stimuli • From environment outside organism • Example- water in soil stimulates germination • Internal Stimuli • Comes from inside an organisms body • Low sugar levels in blood will stimulate you to feel hungry

  10. Maintain a Stable internal environment • Homeostasis • When organisms maintain a stable internal environment that is different from the external environment • Examples: shivering and sweating

  11. As a group, they change over time • Evolution • Process of change • When a group of organisms change over time • Could occur over hundreds or millions of years • Adaptation • An inherited trait that’s helps an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment • Over a short period of time • Natural selection • The most beneficial traits for a specific group of organisms is passed on • Organisms that have that specific trait will live longer and produce more offspring than those who do not have it • The mechanism by which evolution occurs

  12. Levels of Organization • Molecular • Cellular • Groups of Cells • Organism • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere

  13. Levels of Organization • Molecular • DNA/RNA and other molecules • Cellular • Different cells • Groups of Cells • (cellstissuesorgansorgansystemsorganism) • Organism • A single species • Population • A group of the same species • Community • Many different groups of species and how they interact with each other in a specific area • Ecosystem • All the living and nonliving interactions in an area • Biosphere • How all the different parts (biomes) of Earth come together • Bio- means life • Sphere- earth • Life is found on land, in air, and in water • “living Earth”

  14. Life’s Diversity of Species • Plants and animals…is there only one type? • Species • A distinct life form • Biologists have identified more than one million species • There are various estimates to the actual amount • New species are discovered daily • 5000 sp. of bacteria, 8600 sp. of birds, 30,000 sp. of fish, 100,000 sp. of fungi, 280,000 sp. of plants and 1 million different species of…. • INSECTS

  15. So how do we classify??? Domain - Eukarya

  16. Domains • Broadest category of classification • Three main domains • Domain Archea: • unicellular prokary. That live in extreme environments (very hot or very cold, extremely acidic or basic) • Domain Bacteria: All other unicellular prokary. • Domain Eukarya: Organism made up of eukary. Cells • Includes 4 kingdoms: Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals (and Monera)

  17. Still some confusion among scientists over this one…

  18. Protista Fungi Plantae Animal

  19. Classification • How do we organize all these species? • We categorize all the different species in to broader categories • From broadest to most specific: • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species(Linnaean System of Classification) • Binomial nomenclature • BREAK UP THE WORD… • BI-TWO, NOMIAL-NAME, NOMENCLATURE-NAMING SYSTEM • This is how we identify a species • The African lion is called Pantheraleo • What’s the genus? • Panthera • What is the species? • Pantheraleo(you say both genus and species)

  20. Cladograms show common ancestors

  21. Human Classification • KingdomAnimalia • PhylumChordata • ClassMammalia • OrderPrimates • FamilyHominidae • GenusHomo • Species Homosapiens

  22. Water Bug • Classification • Kingdom Animalia (Animals) • Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) • Class Insecta (Insects) • Order Hemiptera (True Bugs, Cicadas, Hoppers, Aphids and Allies) • Suborder Heteroptera (True Bugs) • InfraorderNepomorpha (Aquatic Bugs) • Family Belostomatidae (Giant Water Bugs) • Genus Lethocerus • Species americanus (Giant Water Bug)

  23. June Beetle • Kingdom Animalia (Animals) • Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) • Class Insecta (Insects) • Order Coleoptera (Beetles) • Suborder Polyphaga (Water, Rove, Scarab, Longhorn, Leaf and Snout Beetles) • SuperfamilyScarabaeoidea (Scarab, Stag and Bess Beetles) • Family Scarabaeidae (Scarab Beetles) • Subfamily Melolonthinae (May Beetles and June Bugs) • Genus Cotinis • Species Cotinisnitida

  24. Scorpion • Kingdom: Anamalia • Phylum: Arthropoda • Class: Arachnida • Order: Scorpiones • Family: Buthidae • Genus: Androctonus • Species: Androctonusaustralis

  25. Shark • KingdomAnimalia • PhylumChordata • SubPhylum Vertebrata • ClassChondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) • SubclassPlagiostomi (sharks and rays: upper jaw hung from skulls and different kind of blood) • SuperorderSelachimorpha • (sharks: free upper eyelids, gill openings on the head, and pectoral fins separate from the side of the head) • SubclassElasmobranchii • upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase, no swim bladder, advanced electroreceptive system, a spiracle, skin with placoid scales, teeth modified placoid scales, and 5-7 separate slit-like gill openings on each side of the body: there are about 600 species of sharks, skates, and rays

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