Visualizing Psychology Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion

1. Visualizing PsychologyChapter 11: Motivation and Emotion PSY 1213 Introductory Psychology 1

2. Chapter Introduction • Thinking, language, and intelligence are often studied underthe larger topic of cognition (mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge). Brain = Behavior What kind of thinker are you? NASA’s cognition lab 2

3. Definitions • Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal Smart robots Online motivation exercise Motivation to learn: An overview 3

4. Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation) • Biological Theories: • Instinct—inborn, unlearned behaviors universal to species. Some instincts explain motivation. • Drive-Reduction—internal tensions that “push” behavior toward satisfying basic needs. • Arousal—behavior is often motivated toward achieving optimal level of arousal 4

5. Drive-Reduction Theory 5

6. Arousal Theory • People seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance. 6

7. Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation Cont.) • Psychosocial Theories: • Incentive—motivation results from the “pull” of external environmental stimuli • Cognitive—motivation affected by attributions and expectations 7

8. Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation Cont.) • Biopsychosocial Theory: • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:interaction of biological, psychological, and social needs; lower motives (physiological and safety) must be met before higher needs (belonging, self-esteem) 8

9. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs An application of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 9

10. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review • Eating to reduce hunger is a good example of the _____ theory of motivation. • The _____ theory of motivation explains why we might eat a slice of pumpkin pie after consuming a heavy holiday dinner. 10

11. Biological factors:stomach, biochemistry, the brain Note the size difference in these rats. Motivation and Behavior—Hunger and Eating Fat belly genes Exercise and genetics • The rat on the left had the ventromedial area of its hypothalamus destroyed. Couch potatoes Fool your stomach 11

12. Motivation and Behavior—Hunger and Eating • Psychological factors: visual cues, cultural conditioning, ancestry Ancestry and obesity Ancestry and obesity 12

13. Hunger and Eating--Eating Disorders • Obesity: appears to result from numerous biological and psychosocial factors. • Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are both characterized by an overwhelming fear of becoming obese and explained by multiple biological and psychosocial factors. Obesity animations Eating attitudes test NOVA movies: dying to be thin Eating disorder screening quiz Obesity brains Contagious obesity Dying to be thin 13

14. Hunger and Eating--Eating Disorders 14

15. Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking • Now that you have a better understanding of the motivational factors behind hunger and eating, how can this information be helpful in maintaining a healthy weight? 15

16. Motivation and Behavior—Achievement • Characteristics of a high need for achievement (nAch): • Prefers moderately difficult tasks • Competitive • Prefers clear goals with competent feedback • Prefers responsibility • Persistent • More accomplished Everybody’s above average 16

17. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review • Briefly explain how anorexia nervosa differs from bulimia nervosa. • What are the chief identifying characteristics of people with a high need for achievement (nAch)? 17

18. Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality • Masters and Johnson’s Sexual Response Cycle • Excitement Phase:increasing levels of arousal and engorgement • Plateau Phase:leveling off of high arousal • Orgasm Phase:pleasurable release of tension • Resolution Phase: return to nonaroused state 18

19. Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued) 19

20. Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued) • Sexual Orientation: primary erotic attraction toward members of same sex (homosexual, gay, or lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or other sex (heterosexual) 20

21. Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued) • Current Research on Homosexuality: • Genetics--twin studies suggest hereditary influence on sexual orientation • Prenatal hormones--affect fetal brain development and sexual orientation • Note: Ultimate causes of sexual orientation unknown, but genetics and biology are believed to play dominant roles. 21

22. Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued) • Sexual Prejudice: negative attitudes toward an individual because of her of his sexual orientation 22

23. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion • Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation—extrinsic rewards may lower interest and motivation. Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation 23

24. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion—Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic 24

25. Theories and Concepts of Emotion • Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, and expressions • Three Components of Emotion • Physiological--arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) 25

26. Physiological Component and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 26

27. Theories and Concepts of Emotion • Three Components of Emotion (Continued) • Cognitive—thoughts, values and expectations • Behavioral—expressions, gestures, and body positions Brain blindness 27

28. Can you identify the social smile versus the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes and cheeks. Theories and Concepts of Emotion 28

29. Theories and Concepts of Emotion— Four Theories of Emotion • James-Lange: emotions occur after arousal • Cannon-Bard: arousal and emotion occur simultaneously • Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal and specific emotions • Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal leads to search for label and then emotion occurs 29

30. Theories and Concepts of Emotion: Overview of Four Theories 30

31. Can You Explain Why Pleasant Feelings Increase When Teeth Show? 31

32. What Theory of Emotion is Portrayed in this Figure? 32

33. Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? • An understanding of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation can help you restructure your home, family, work, and college environment to maximize intrinsic rewards, which will increase your enjoyment and persistence in important tasks. 33

34. Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions 34

35. Culture, Evolution, and Emotion • Cultural similarities and differences: 7 to10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, and where to express emotions • Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression and decoding Online psychology test on emotions and instincts 35

36. Polygraph: measures changes in emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion—The Polygraph The truth about lie detectors (aka polygraph tests) Telling lies The polygraph 36

37. The subject’s response on the GSR does rise in response to the second question. But remember that error rates on the polygraph range from 25% to 75%. Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion- The Polygraph 37

38. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review • According to the _____ theory of emotions, we see a bear, our hearts race, and we run for cover. Then we feel afraid. • The _____ primarily measures arousal and the physiological component of emotions. 38

39. Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter &Karen Huffman &Matthew Cole PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotions 39