Transportation and Urban Form: Energy Use and Climate Change Considerations

1. Transportation and Urban Form: Energy Use and Climate ChangeConsiderations Visions of Transportation and Urban Form in the Greater Toronto Area June 13, 2005 Peter Reilly-Roe - Office of Energy Efficiency Natural Resources Canada

2. Transportation and Sustainability in Urban Areas Challenge: Provide access to jobs and services while increasing economic welfare and enhancing attractiveness of the city • Five main action areas • Provide/maintain transport infrastructure • Provide greenspace, protect environmentally sensitive areas • Improve air quality • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions • Relieve congestion Integrated transport and land use planning can help

3. Integrated Transportation and Land-Use Planning Challenges • Three levels of government share the responsibility for transportation • Transportation is a derived demand and a land-use affected by the growth of our economy • There is an assumption that each group of users is entitled to a certain level of mobility and choice • People are choosing: • Car ownership is at the level of 550 vehicles/1000 Canadians • More and bigger housing to suburbs and satellites • Employment in distributed locations • How to balance transportation system efficiency, within and between modes while maintaining city competitiveness?

4. The Transportation and Land-Use Connection • Transportation is a land use. • Land use planning will influence future travel demand and automobile dependency. • Smart Growth/New Community Design: • promotes the integration of transportation and land use decisions and aims to maintain a level of mobility for a community. • Ontario’s Places to Grow Act

5. GTA Urban Growth Pattern 1966-2000 1976 Water Residential Commercial/Industrial Quarries/Dump Urban Recreational Transitional Forest Agricultural Grass/Herbaceous Bare Rock/Sand Emergent Wetland Woody Wetland Transportation Urban Open Land 1971 2000 1966 1981 1986 Canadian Urban Land Use Survey (CUrLUS)

6. Growth in Vehicle Travel 30

7. The Transportation Planning Challenge

8. Some actions are helping significantly

9. Mobile Source Emission Forecast 32

10. Mobile Source Emission Forecast 32

11. Transportation Energy Use • The transportation sector accounts for 34% of Canada’s GHG emissions from secondary energy use and has been a major contributor to smog in urban areas • Energy efficiency improvements in freight and passenger travel limited growth in transportation energy use to 23% between 1990 and 2002, without these improvements, transportation energy use would have increase by 32% over the same period • The demand for transportation services has outstripped our efforts to improve energy efficiency • Within the context of climate change, efficiency is a subset of energy consumption. The three determinants of consumption are energy technologies, fuels and activity

12. Factors Affecting Fuel Use in Cities Technology vehicle efficiency and type of fuel Economics/Demographics Prices and Incomes Population and age structure Urban Transportation Fuel Use InfrastructureProvision for different modes and levels of service Urban FormDensity, residential centrality Newman and Kenworthy, 1999

13. Factors Affecting GHG Emissions from Automobile Use • Socio-economic variables: # of vehicles in the household, # of people per household, # of adults, household employment income. • Locational Variables: Distance to the employment areas, land use mix, local transit service. • Neighbourhood variables: Housing density moderately decreases vehicle ownership and increases transit ridership, road layout and type, services located in the neighbourhood, infrastructure for non-motorized transport.

14. Instruments and Areas of Influence Federal activities • Policies, programs, education and awareness, voluntary agreements, fiscal measures, technology and innovation and leading by example. Important Municipal Areas of Influence • Planning and zoning: transit orientated development, pedestrian friendly development, infill/brownfield development, mixed-use high density developments. • Implementation of growth boundaries • Parking pricing and policy, road pricing/congestion charging.

15. Federal Activities • New Deal for Cities ($5 billion over 5 years) and communities as well as the additional support for public transit ($800 million over 2 years). • Infrastructure Canada programs, Canada Strategic Infrastructure Fund(CSIF), Municipal Rural Infrastructure Fund(MRIF), Border Infrastructure Fund (BIF). • FCM-Green Municipal Funds (renewed for $300 million). • Transport Canada’s: Freight Efficiency and Technology Initiative (FETI), Freight Efficiency Program (FEP), Freight Incentive Program (FIP), Urban Transportation Showcase Program (UTSP), Moving on Sustainable Transportation (MOST), Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). • MOU between the Government of Canada and the Auto Industry on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2010. • Project Green (Partnership Fund, Climate Fund, One Tonne Challenge). • Clean Vehicle and Fuel Regulations (Tier II) • Knowledge Base: R&D, surveys, workshops, model development, etc.

16. Some of NRCan’s Transportation Programs • Motor Vehicle Fuel Efficiency: voluntary agreement • Personal Vehicles: Energuide label, education and awareness campaigns (Anti-Idling, Tire Smart) • Commercial Fleets: information, workshops, technical demonstrations and training programs on fuel-efficient practices for fleet vehicles. • Alternative transportation fuels development and use of alternative and future fuels in Canada, through reports, brochures and public events. Ethanol Expansion, Future Fuels Initiative, Canadian Transportation Fuel Cell Alliance (CTFCA), Biodiesel Initiative

17. Reducing New Vehicle Fuel Consumption and GHG Emissions Comparison of Standards *Adapted from a chart by Feng An and Amanda Sauer

18. Materials in vehicles Changing Fuels: Lifecycle analysis 2010 - Lifecycle CO2eq Emissions Vehicle assembly and 600 transport Emissions displaced by co-products 500 CH4 and CO2 leaks and flares 400 Land use changes and cultivation Feedstock and 300 Percentage of CO2eq Emissions Associated With Each Stage fertilizer production Feedstock transport 200 Fuel production 100 Fuel storage and distribution Fuel dispensing 0 RFG Hybrid RFG CNG Diesel Diesel Hybrid H2 FC SMR E10 (W0/G100) C in end-use fuel from Vehicles CO2 in air -100 Vehicle operation

19. Concluding Remarks The Federal government has a catalytic role to: • provide tools and resources (data collection, monitoring and research); • lead by example in order to foster informed decision making by promoting the integration of the best available data. (including ensuring that land-use and transportation are considered as inter-related/co-dependant elements); • work in partnership with provinces, municipalities and stakeholders; • Ensure effective public participation and communication to raise awareness and acceptance of policies and initiatives.