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APA Review & Formatting References. Ginger Lejeune 2014. Order of Manuscript Pages. Title page (numbered 1) Abstract (numbered 2) Text (start on separate page) References (start on separate page) Tables (start each on separate page)
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APA Review&Formatting References Ginger Lejeune 2014
Order of Manuscript Pages • Title page (numbered 1) • Abstract (numbered 2) • Text (start on separate page) • References (start on separate page) • Tables (start each on separate page) • Figures (start each on separate page; include caption on page with figure) • Appendices (start each on separate page)
Avoiding Plagiarism “Whether paraphrasing, quoting an author directly, or describing an idea that influenced your work, you must credit the source” (APA Manual, 2010, p. 170). • Direct quotations are NOT the only borrowed material that must be cited in your paper. • The source of any idea, theory, or research that you paraphrase or summarize in your paper must also be cited.
APA In-Text Citations • Author’s lastname • If author is unknown, use title of work (shortened form if title is long) • Year of publication • For direct quotations, add page number (optional for material not directly quoted) Example: (Carter, 2010, p. 263) NOTE: If you use the author’s name or the date elsewhere in the text itself, omit from the in-text parentheses.
Examples of Various Options forAPA In-Text Citations One study found that “students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (Johnson, 2009, p. 27). According to Johnson (2009), “students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p. 27). In 2009, a study by Johnson showed that APA is a challenging citation format for first-time learners. Students using APA style for the first time often find the citation format challenging (Johnson, 2009).
Examples of In-Text Citations:Special Cases • No author, use title: (Human Sleep, 2012) (“Insomnia,” 2008) • No date, use n.d.: (Hobson, n.d.) • Two authors: (McLaughlin & Miracle, 2010) • Secondary sources: Hitler’s letters (as cited in Hoza, 2013) • No page numbers, use paragraph or chapter number: (Bendick, 2004, para. 7) (Tacy, 1997, Chapter 22)
How the In-Text Citations & the References Page Work Together • In-text citations briefly identify the source & direct the reader to the References page. • The References page at the end of your paper includes the full bibliographic information for each source cited in the text. • Every in-text citation should refer to an entry in the References, and every work listed in the References should be cited in the paper.
APAReferencesPage Format • The References page comes immediately after the main text of your paper • Title of page is References (don’t forget therunning head & page number) • Use double spacing throughout • List sources in alphabetical order by author’s last name (use title if author is unknown) • Print, online sources, etc. are all mixed together • Use hanging indent: 1st line of each entry is flush left & subsequent lines are indented
APA Reference Entries:General Elements • Author(s) by surname, initial(s) • Year of publication (for periodicals, include month & day if given) • Title (for periodicals, include article & publication titles) • Location: Publisher (for books) • Volume #, issue #, page #s (for periodicals) Remember: correct punctuation matters!
Reference Examples: Books Brinkley, T. R. (2012). Addiction to texting: A study of cell phone dependency. New York, NY: Random House Publishing Company. Reynolds, M., Neil, J. T., & Burton, A. A. (1998). Research standards in modern child psychology. London, England: Taylor & Francis. VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Reference Examples: Periodicals Alban-Jones, K. E. & Miller, O. J. (2009, July). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem in teens: Effects of early parenting styles. Modern Psychology, 42, 31-36. Dickerson, W. H. (2004, September 27). Mental illness affects social status. The Washington Post, pp. A2, A5. Rush, A., Danvers, T. R., & Spike, M. L. (1999, May). Science vs. dogma: Psychologists defend research techniques. Journal of Applied Psychology, 39(4), 123-126, 137.
Reference Examples: Online Sources Clayton, P. (2010, August). Children, adolescents, and the effects of social media. Monitor on Psychology, 42(6). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/ Marshall, J. (2014). Competition in high school peer groups. Retrieved from http://www.jmarshall.com/competition.htm Tucker, M. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on hidden video camera. [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ntGCbxD8748
Reminders Regarding References • Don’t rely on your memory: always check a reliable source to verify the format & punctuation of each entry in your list of References. • When in doubt, use the library’s copy of the APA Manual to answer questions. • Proofread your References carefully. Then proofread again.
More Help with the APA Style • Publication Manual of the AmericanPsychological Association, 6th edition • APA Style Online(includes a tutorial) • Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) • Cornell University Library APA Guide NOTE: All of the examples used in this presentation were either made up or borrowed from one of the above sources. This is called “fair use” for educational purposes.
