Lighting Technologies

1. Product Training Session-1 • Lighting Technologies Presented by :Karthik Vinayaka Dept: PDD India www.element-14.com

2. Agenda • LIGHTING INTRODUCTION • LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY • DIFFERENT LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY • APPLICATIONS • TARGET MARKET • CONCLUSION www.element-14.com

3. Introduction Light is simply a name for a range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. www.element-14.com

4. What is electromagnetic radiation, then? Is a form of energy that exhibits wave like behaviour as it travels through space. The radiation including visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, and X-rays, in which electric and magnetic fields vary simultaneously . Electromagnetic radiation is classified according to the frequency of its wave. V ~ 3.17eV B ~ 2.73eV G ~ 2.52eV Y ~ 2.15eV O ~ 2.08eV R ~ 1.62eV

5. LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY Ambient Light :The light already present in a scene, before any additional lighting is added. Ex: Natural light. More info: Ambient Light Incident Light : Light seen directly from a light source (lamp, sun, etc). Reflected Light : Light seen after having bounced off a surface. www.element-14.com

6. DIFFERENT LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY • Conventional Methods of converting electrical energy to light: • Heating up bits of wire • Passing Electricity through gas at near vacuum • Passing Electricity through gas above atmospheric pressure

7. The top five global lighting technologies include Incandescent light Fluorescent, Halogen High-intensity discharge light-emitting diodes (LED) The Incandescent light bulb : incandescent lamp produces light by heating a metal filament wire to a high temperature until it glows. The hot filament is protected from oxidation in the air with a glass enclosure that is filled with inert gas.

8. Fluorescent lamp: compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) The tube is filled with noble gas (i.e. argon, neon, helium). The tube also contains a small amount of mercury that when heated becomes mercury vapor. The inside of the tube is lined with phosphorescent material (mostly phosphorous). In the base of the bulb, There is an electronic ballast that boosts the line voltage up high enough to ionize the gas inside the bulb. As this happens the mercury also vaporizes inside the tube. The ionized gas and ionized mercury vapor emit ultraviolet light which strikes the phosphorous. The phosphorous, in turn, emits white light that lights up the room.

9. Halogen : Halogen lamps use a tungsten filament that is encased inside a Small quartz envelope. Similar to an incandescent lamp, the electrical current causes the tungsten filament to heat up to temperatures above 2500°C and get “white hot” and produce visible light. The envelope is much closer to the filament. Thus, to prevent it from melting

10. High-Intensity Discharge : HID lamps are available in the form of mercury or sodium vapour and typically are used as street lamps and outdoor lighting for stadiums. These lamps are popular because they are efficient and have a high-brightness output. In the case of sodium vapour, they are twice as efficient as normal fluorescent bulbs. Mercury and sodium vapour lamps produce light using a technique similar to that used in fluorescent lamps, where a low-pressure mercury vapour produces lots of ultraviolet light that excites a phosphor coating on the tube.

11. What is an Solid-state lighting Solid-state lighting (SSL): refers to a type of lighting that uses semiconductor light emitting diodes (LEDs), as sources of illumination rather than electrical filaments, plasma (used in arc lamps such as fluorescent lamps), or gas. LED is a semiconductor diode that glows when operated in forward biased direction. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are those little colour lights you see in electronic equipment, household appliances, toys, on signs, and many other places.  Red, yellow and green ones are the most common, since they are have been used widely. LEDs are different from ordinary light bulbs because they do not have a filament to break or burn out.  They generate very little heat, and are ideal for putting lights into battery-operated equipment like telephones and portable computers. www.element-14.com

12. Epoxy Encapsulation LED die ‘Anode’ post ‘Cathode’ post + - Cathode lead Anode lead Basic Structure of an LED Die – light emitting semiconductor material Encapsulation – translucent case to protect the die and disperse the light Lead frame – the die is placed on it www.element-14.com

13. 7-segment LED Display 14-segment LED Display Dot-matrix LED Display Types of LEDs • Discrete LEDs • Available in a variety of shapes and size • LED Displays • LED multi-segment display • LED dot-matrix display • Bargraph • LED clusters • A group or cluster of discrete LEDs are used to provide a bright light source. Bargraph www.element-14.com

14. Types of Discrete LEDs • Standard LEDs • Flashing LEDs • Flashing LEDs look like ordinary LEDs but they contain an integrated circuit (IC) which controls LED flash times per seconds. • High Power LEDs • They give out large amounts of light. • The future of lighting • Multi-color LEDs • Two or more semiconductor chips within one LED package, each producing a different color, usually the three primary colors, Red, Green and Blue. • Infrared LEDs (IRLEDs) • Invisible LED; infrared light output. www.element-14.com

15. How to test an LED • Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through and burn it out. • LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less.. www.element-14.com

16. Key Parameter of LED www.element-14.com

17. Why Use an LED? www.element-14.com

18. LED Market Segmentation General Illumination Other Markets Automotive • Bulb replacement • Home • Office • Flashlights • Traffic lights and signs • Signage • Billboards • Community Information • Security, Exits • Indicator / Fun lights • Gaming Machines • Clavilux (Disco) • Medical / Dental • Endoscopes • MRI / CAT scan Head lamps High Beam Lights Interior Lighting Dashboard Lighting Rear Lights Turn Signals Emergency Vehicle Lighting Aftermarket Accent Lighting • Backlighting • Monitors • TVs • Portable devices • Camera/Camcorders • Handsets • Instruments • Camera Flash • User experience • Handset fun lights • Handset indicators • Toys • Instruments www.element-14.com

19. LED Application • Indicators and signs • Status indicator; LED panels; Traffic lights; Exit signs… • Lighting • Replacement light bulbs; Flashlights; Streetlights; Architectural lighting; Vehicle lighting; LED dental curing light … • Non visual applications • Remote control; Touch sensing; Movement sensing… www.element-14.com

20. Typical LEDs— Characteristics and Applications Multi Die LED modules Vf ~ 5…8V I~ up to 1.5A/LED High Power LED High current white LEDs Vf ~ 3.5…6V I~ up to 1A/LED White Flash LEDs Vf ~ 4…6V I~ 0.4…0.6A/LED White LEDs Vf ~ 3.3…3.7 I~ 0…25mA Low Power LED Single color or RGB LEDs Blue Vf~3.7 Green Vf ~3.1 Red Vf ~2.0 www.element-14.com

21. Target Markets LEDs have gained widespread use and now can be found nearly everywhere. www.element-14.com

22. Associated and Accessory Products It is always important to ask the customer about associated and accessory products. www.element-14.com

23. LEDfor future • OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) • OLED is an organic layer of resources that emits light when electricity is passed through it. OLED is proving to consume even less power and have a clean, crisp picture than an LED TV. • An OLED is Organic light emitting diode which emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. • OLED invented by Ching Tang and Steve Van Slyke in 1987 at Kodak Labs. • Features • Flexible / bendable lighting • Wallpaper lighting defining new ways to light a space • Transparent lighting doubles as a window Continued in Next session www.element-14.com

24. Conclusion In this training, we had an opportunity to learn the basic knowledge of Lighting and LEDs. LED (light emitting diode). • An LED will emit light when the current is passed through it. • The color of the light depends on the semiconductor material of the LED. • There are many advantages which make LEDs eye-catching for high-performance modern electronics. For example, their low power consumption extends battery life and thus they are well suited for portable applications. • LED's fast turn-on/turn-off characteristics fit perfectly with the needs of automotive tail lights, especially the brake lights. LEDs are environmental friendly, • LEDs do not contain lead or mercury. • LED lighting facilitates a full-spectrum light source with larger color range. • LEDs have an exceptionally long lifespan, which enables their use in applications where long-term reliability is highly desirable, such as traffic lights. Machine vision systems require a focused, bright and homogeneous light source – LEDs are a great match. www.element-14.com

25. How good is our website for selection of products Farnell/Newark/element14 extensive offering of solid-state lighting components can support the most demanding design requirements. Find lighting (visible/non visible) products from world leaders like Avago, Bridgelux, Cree, CML, Dialight, Lumex, Optek, Vishay and more. Products span all types of LED’s, emitters/arrays, optics, drivers, thermal and mounting accessories, and tools under the classification --- Optoelectronics and Display http://www.newark.com/optoelectronics-displays Selection of products on our webpage Featured Products linked on the web page Lighting Microsite for developments, solutions, Design resources are available http://www.newark.com/jsp/bespoke/bespoke7.jsp?bespokepage=common/en/technology-first/applications/lighting/home.jsp Associates and Accessories linked for SKU’s Alternative available for SKU’s Products separated in different classification for easy selection Attribute filter option available for SKU selection based on parametric search Keyword search results can be viewed through search tab Link to design guide on element14 KNODE http://www.element14.com/community/static/knode/design_elements?ICID=knodenav_deselements www.element-14.com

26. How good is our website for selection of products www.element-14.com

27. Attribute selection view http://www.newark.com/leds-standard-under-75ma www.element-14.com

28. THANK YOU • Your Feedback is most valuable Please Send your feedback to karthikv@farnell.com www.element-14.com

29. Interactive Video Link:\\flcspnfp\canalrd\General Transfer\Lighting presentation video www.element-14.com

30. Q & A • When were LED invented? • The first practical LED was invented in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr. while working for General Electric Company. • What is Haitz law? • Haitz's law is an observation and forecast about the steady improvement, over many years, of light-emitting diodes (LED) • The Law said the cost per lumen of LED lighting would fall to 10% of its original price every 10 years. During the same period, the lumen power of LEDs would increase 20 times. • When were White LED’s first available? • White LED’s became a reality around 1995 invented by Japan’s Nichia Corporation. www.element-14.com

31. Q & A Which of the following statement about LED is not correct? a. An LED is a semiconductor device. b. An LED is able to give off light when current passes through it. c. An LED has no polarity. d. The basic structure of an LED consists of die, encapsulation, and lead frame. Correct answer is c. www.element-14.com

32. Q & A • Tri-colour LEDs • The most popular type of tri-colour LED has a red and a green LED combined in one package with three leads. They are called tri-colour because mixed red and green light appears to be yellow and this is produced when both the red and green LEDs are on. • The diagram shows the construction of a tri-colour LED. Note the different lengths of the three leads. The centre lead (k) is the common cathode for both LEDs, the outer leads (a1 and a2) are the anodes to the LED’s allowing each one to be lit separately or both together to give the third colour. • Bi-colour LEDs • A bi-colour LED has two LEDs wired in 'inverse parallel' (one forwards, one backwards) combined in one package with two leads. Only one of the LEDs can be lit at one time and they are less useful than the tri-colour LEDs described above. www.element-14.com