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Lighting Technologies Applications Energy Consumption

Lighting Technologies Applications Energy Consumption. MAE 406 / 589 John Rees, PE, CEM Eric Soderberg, PE, CEM October 15, 2013. Electricity Billing. Commercial and Industrial electric bills can be difficult to understand. Difference Between Power and Energy.

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Lighting Technologies Applications Energy Consumption

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  1. Lighting TechnologiesApplications Energy Consumption MAE 406 / 589 John Rees, PE, CEM Eric Soderberg, PE, CEM October 15, 2013

  2. Electricity Billing • Commercial and Industrial electric bills can be difficult to understand.

  3. Difference Between Power and Energy • Electricity is like water – it flows like water in a pipe. • Demand – How fast is the Flow Rate (Instantaneous). • Energy – How many gallons over a period of time.

  4. Electricity - Definitions • Demand - amount of electrical energy that is being consumed at a given time (instantaneous, kW). • Electrical Energy - total electricity used over a period of time (kWh). • Electrical Energy (kWh) = Demand (kW) * Operating Hours • Example: 100 watt lamp burning for 10 hours = 1000 watt-hours = 1 kWh

  5. Electricity - Demand

  6. Electricity - Energy

  7. Utility Electrical Charges • Utility Rates • Utilities have a variety of rates • Residential • Commercial • Small Business • Large Business • Can be based on Electrical Energy only (residential and small commercial). • Can be based on a combination of Demand and Energy. • Ratchet Charge – Demand charge may be based on high demand from the previous 12 months (not the current month). • It’s possible to be on the “wrong” rate. • Check with your electric utility representative.

  8. Peak Hours • The demand charge is based on the maximum demand set over the month during peak hours. • Peak hours are the hours set by the utility when the total demand from all customers puts the most load on the utility’s power generating capacity. • Varies from summer to winter.

  9. Comparing KWh Usage to KW Demand

  10. Understanding Your Electrical Bill Knowing how you are being charged for electricity helps: Know how much various pieces of equipment cost to operate. Determine when electrical equipment can be run during off-peak hours. Determine how to limit on-peak demand.

  11. Duke Energy Rate Scheduleshttp://www.duke-energy.com/rates/north-carolina.asp

  12. LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS

  13. World’s Oldest Light Bulb – Burning (almost continuously) Since 1901

  14. The 3 Pillars of Energy Efficient Lighting Visual Task Visual Task WATTS LUMENS F O O T C A N D L E S Meet target light levels Efficiently produce and deliver light Automatically control lighting operation Most Important Slide in Today’s Seminar! 14

  15. Paint Booth Case Study • Old Fixtures (Incandescents) = 5 kW • New Fixtures (T5 Fluorescents) = 1.72 kW • > 60% Energy Savings, $500/yr • Old Lamps - 1,000 hour life • New Lamps - 20,000 hour life • Better Illumination; Better Quality of Light

  16. Lighting Fundamentals - Illumination • Light Output. • Measured at the lamp surface. • Measured in lumens. • Illuminance or Light Level. • Measured at the working surface. • Measured in foot-candles. • Luminance or Brightness. • Measured at an angle to the working surface. • Measured in footlamberts.

  17. Targeted Illumination Levels Targeted illumination level is determined by: Tasks being performed (detail, contrast, size). Ages of the occupants. Importance of speed and accuracy. Important not to Underlight or Overlight.

  18. Recommended Illumination Levels

  19. Quality of Illumination • Quality of illumination may affect worker productivity. • Quality is affected by: • Glare. Too bright. • Uniformity of illumination. • Color rendition. Ability to see colors properly. • Scale is 0 to 100 (100 is best) • Color Temperature. Warm to Cool. • Measured in degrees kelvin. 3000 is warm (yellowish); 5000 is cool or “daylight”.

  20. Color Rendering Index(CRI) A relative scale indicating how perceived colors illuminated by the light source match actual colors. The higher the number the less color distortion from the reference source. Daylight = 100. 85 -100 CRI = Excellent color rendition 75 - 85 CRI = Very Good color rendition 65 - 75 CRI = Good color rendition 55 - 65 CRI = Fair color rendition 0 – 55 CRI = Poor color rendition

  21. Color Temperature (K˚) • A measure of the “warmth” or “coolness” of a light source. • ≤ 3200K = “warm” or red side of spectrum • ≥ 4000K = “cool” or blue side of spectrum • 3500K = “neutral” • 5000K = “Daylight”

  22. Color Temperature Scale North Sky - 8500K Daylight Fluo - 6500K Cool White - 4100K Halogen – 3100K Warm White - 3000K Incandescent – 2700K HPS - 2100K 25

  23. Color Rendition cool source is used enhancing blues and greens warm light source is used, enhancing reds and oranges neutral light source is used Color rendering, expressed as a rating on the Color Rendering Index (CRI), from 0-100, describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to human eyes and how well subtle variations in color shades are revealed. The higher the CRI rating, the better its color rendering ability.

  24. Color Temperature (K˚) • A measure of the “warmth” or “coolness” of a light source. • ≤ 3200K = “warm” or red side of spectrum • ≥ 4000K = “cool” or blue side of spectrum • 3500K = “neutral” • 5000K = “Daylight”

  25. Color Temperature Scale North Sky - 8500K Daylight Fluo - 6500K Cool White - 4100K Halogen – 3100K Warm White - 3000K Incandescent – 2700K HPS - 2100K 28

  26. Light Quality Color Rendering Index and Color Tremperature Affect the Light Quality

  27. Efficiency Lighting efficiency (efficacy) is expressed as lumens output/wattage input. Ranges from 4 to 200 lumens/watt. Measures how efficiently a lamp converts electrical energy into light. Similar to mpg.

  28. Lamp Efficiencies

  29. Lamp Lumen Depreciation - LLD As lamps age, they lose a certain amount of output. Old T12 fluoresecents can lose up to 30% of output over their life. New T8 fluorescents maintain up to 95% of original lumens. This depreciation must be accounted for when installing new lighting system. Depreciation is also a result of dirt accumulation

  30. Lamp Lumen Depreciation

  31. Luminaires • Luminaire = Lighting fixture • Lamps • Lamp sockets • Ballasts • Reflective material • Lenses, refractors, louvers • Housing • Directs the light using reflecting and shielding surfaces.

  32. Luminaires (cont’d) • Luminaire Efficiency • Percentage of lamp lumens produced that actually exits the fixture. • Types of luminaires • Direct (general illumination). • Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls; “wall washers”). • Spot/Accent lighting. • Task Lighting. • Outdoor/Flood Lights.

  33. Types ofLuminaires Direct (general illumination). Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls; “wall washers”). Spot/Accent lighting. Task Lighting. Outdoor/Flood Lights. Indirect Lighting Direct Lighting

  34. Luminaire Efficiency • IES definition: The ratio of luminous flux (lumens) emitted by a luminaire to that emitted by the lamp or lamps used therein. • Percentage of initial lamp lumens that are ultimately emitted by the luminaire e Efficiency = by a luminaire Lumens emitted by the lamp(s) Luminaire Efficiency = Lumens emitted by the luminaire

  35. Contrasting Lamp, Fixture, and Luminaire Efficacy Incandescent Fixture Efficacy 10 lm/W 17 lm/W x = Coefficient of Utilization 58% CFL Fixture Efficacy 35 lm/W = x Coefficient of Utilization 58% 60 lm/W LED Bulb Fixture Efficacy 42lm/W x = Coefficient of Utilization ~85 % 150+lm/W 50+lm/W Sub-optimal thermal application Fixture Efficacy 80 lm/W Integrated LED Luminaire = 150+lm/W Optimized thermals and efficacy

  36. History of Lighting

  37. LIGHTINGTYPES

  38. Major Lighting Types • Incandescents/Halogens • Fluorescents including CFLs • High Intensity Discharge (HID) • Light Emitting Diode (LED) • Inductive

  39. Incandescent Lamps • One of the oldest electric lighting technologies. • Light is produced by passing a current through a tungsten filament. • Least efficient – (4 to 24 lumens/watt). • Lamp life ~ 1,000 hours.

  40. Incandescent Lamps Incandescents - High CRI (100) and Warm Color (2700K) Halogen color is 2900K to 3200K • Inexpensive • Excellent beam control • Easily dimmed – no ballast needed • Immediate off and on • No temperature concerns – can be used outdoors • 100, 75, 60 and 40 watt incandescent lamps were elminated in 2012 by the 2007 law

  41. Tugnsten-Halogen Lamps • A type of incandescent lamp. • Encloses the tungsten filament in a quartz capsule filled with halogen gas. • Halogen gas combines with the vaporized tungsten and redeposits it on the filament. • More efficient. • Lasts longer (up to 6,000 hrs.)

  42. Fluorescent Lamps • Most common commercial lighting technology. • High Efficacy: up to 100 lumens/watt. • Most common fluorescent lamps. • T12: 1.5 inch in diameter. 112 million, or 63% of fluorescents in the U.S. are still T12 • T8: 1 inch in diameter. • ~30% more efficient than T12. • T5: 5/8 inch in diameter. • ~40% more efficient than T12. • Improvements have been made in the last 15 years.

  43. Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d) • Configurations • Linear (8 ft., 4 ft., 2 ft., 1 ft.) • Ubend (fit in a 2 ft. x 2 ft. fixture). • Circular (rare, obsolete). • Fixtures can be 4, 3, 2, or 1 lamp per fixture. • Output Categories • Standard Output (430 mA). • High Output (800 mA). • Very High Output (1,500 mA).

  44. Schematic of Fluorescent Lamp Phosphor crystals Mercury atom Electron Electrode

  45. Fluorescent Installed Base DataPoint Research Lighting 2012

  46. Typical Linear Fluorescent Fixture – DirectNote “cave effect”

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