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The Internet. A (necessarily) brief look at its past, present and future

The Internet. A (necessarily) brief look at its past, present and future. Lew Lawton an enthusiastic amateur With thanks to Prof Tony Sammes. Lew Lawton - Background. Royal Signals 1969 -1999 Mobile Satcom Static Radio Relay Mobile Telephone Exchanges

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The Internet. A (necessarily) brief look at its past, present and future

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  1. The Internet.A (necessarily) brieflook at its past, present and future Lew Lawton an enthusiastic amateur With thanks to Prof Tony Sammes

  2. Lew Lawton - Background • Royal Signals 1969 -1999 • Mobile Satcom • Static Radio Relay • Mobile Telephone Exchanges • Long Range Tropospheric Scatter Systems • ISDN/VPN projects • IT/CIS

  3. Lew Lawton - Background • BT 1999 – 2007 Defence Fixed Telecommunications • IP Design • Web Hosting Service Design • Domain Name Service Design • VOIP Trial • IP VTC Service development

  4. “Don’t start at the beginning,……. Start in the middle, chronology is a great deterrent” From “The Uncommon Reader” by Alan Bennett

  5. E Learning Internet Vocabulary Blog The web On-line Facebook E commerce E Banking On t’internet

  6. Multimedia Capability • Data • Text • Geo • Business • Command and Control • Audio • Music • Radio • Voice - Telephony • Image • Diagrams • Photographs • Video • TV

  7. Internet - A definition • The Global information systems that.. • Is logically linked by a globally unique address space based on IP • Is able to support communications using the TCP/IP suite • Provides, uses or makes accessible …high level services layered on the communications infrastructure Ref Federal Networking Council October 1995

  8. The Internet – A description Pervasive Ubiquitous Cheap Standard Multimedia Global Communications Infrastructure

  9. WWW –magic ! • Click on BBC web site • Instantly view TV programmes • Listen to the radio • Read the News • Find out what’s on • Send your comments

  10. Why and How ? Internet Protocol

  11. History File • Internet Folklore • Dr Larry Roberts • www.packet.cc • Requirements for ARPA • Resource Sharing • Reliability • Speed • Economy

  12. The ARPA Program Plan (1968) is the master document describing a this major program. Concepts: 1. Objectives - Develop Networking and Resource Sharing. 2. Technical Need - Linking Computers 3. Military Need - Resource Sharing – NB Not Nuclear War 4. Prior work - MIT-SDC experiment 5. Effect on ARPA - Link 17 Computers 6. Plan- Develop IMPs and start 12/69 7. Cost - $3.8 M for 68-71 ARPA Program Plan No 723 dated 3 June 1968 see http://www.packet.cc/

  13. History File • Leonard Kleinrock “Information flows in large computer nets” Design and Theory • TX-2 (Mass) and Q-32 (CA) connected • Paul Baran - Rand Corporation • Secure Voice and Data for USAF

  14. Tech Bit - Circuit Switching Telephone Network ISDN Bit Serial Connection between end points Set up on demand Capacity (i.e Bandwidth) pre-alloacted and reserved for duration on the “call” Capacity tied up Released on Demand Limited redundancy

  15. Tech Bit - Packet Switching Internet No connection between end points Data is sent as individually addressed “chunks” Bandwidth allocated dynamically Switches treat each chunk as an individual entity Failed and congested routes avoided Store and Forward - Queuing

  16. Tech Bit Packet Switching Dynamic allocation of bandwidth Link by Link “Depending upon the nature of the traffic, the Packet Switching approach is 3 -100 times more efficient than pre-allocation techniques…” L. G. Roberts “The Evolution of Packet Switching Nov 78” Circuit Switching Pre-Allocation of Bandwidth End to End

  17. An Embryonic Packet Switch ??

  18. History File • ParallelDevelopments • Rand • MIT • NPL

  19. EARLY ARPANET 4 Utah 2 Stanford 3 UCSB First computer to computer message 1 UCLA • Key Research Themes • Network design based on Open Architecture • Applications • 71-72 NCP implemented

  20. ARPANET “The ARPA network is a store and forward message processing network which interconnects a number of large, multiprocessing computer systems throughout the US. The computer systems are linked together for the purpose of sharing resources.” Winnett and Sammes MIT Nov 73

  21. ARPANET 1971 2nd 1st Note terminology : IMP Interface Message Processor = switch

  22. ARPANET HOSTS 1971 Note the differenttypes of computer IBM DEC GE Burroughs etc

  23. The Birth of TCP • Replacement for NCP • Four Ground rules for internetting • Each network to stand on its own • Best Effort Communications • Black Boxes used to connect networks • No Global Control

  24. The Birth of TCP • Issues to be addressed • Lost packet recovery • Host to host pipelining • Gateway functions inc fragmenting • Global Addressing • Sockets • Interfaces to different operating systems

  25. The emergence of IP • Early TCP implemented Virtual Circuits • Connection Oriented • Flow control and EDC • Ideal for File transfer and remote login • Not suitable for packetised voice !!!!!!! • TCP splits into TCP and IP • UDP introduced for “Connectionless” Comms

  26. Key Applications File Transfer (FTP) Remote Login (Telnet) E-Mail Packet Voice File sharing Disk Sharing Worms Key Point: Internet designed as a general purpose communications infrastructure

  27. Keeping things SIMPLE ! SMTP Email SNMP Network Mgt DNS Name Space to IP Address Map ARP IP to Physical Address Map Class A, B and C IP Addresses IGP/EGP Internal and external routing CIDR Maximising address utilisation

  28. I Survived the TCP/IP Transition 1 Jan 1983

  29. The Universality of TCP/IP

  30. RFC’s Established in 1969 Informal and Fast Published by the IETF Once Published ---- Never Changed Open Access Key role in development of Standards 5380 Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) Mobility Management. October 2008. (Status: PROPOSED STANDARD)

  31. RFC’s Number of RFC published annually Ref “Internetworking with TCP/IP. Douglas E Comer”

  32. Public Internet • JANET 1984 • NSFNET 1985 • NSFNET Backbone • Excluded “purposes not in support of research and education” • Private Sector workshops 1985 • UUNET founded 1987 • ARPANET wound up 1990 • NSF Backbone openned up 1991 • WWW!!!!

  33. World Wide Web The Information Mine

  34. World Wide Web Random association between objects Any constraints would lead to failure All Platforms including future ones Creating Updating and Deleting should be trivial Intuitive

  35. Key Factors Random Links URI - URL (due to IETF) Cern Phone Book Line Mode Browser Windows Browser HTTP/HTML and their successors Royalty Free distribution

  36. Key Developments Dynamic Content Images Sound Video Applications – Access Feedback Loop

  37. Future IP V6 IP VTC Access Bandwidth Semantic Web

  38. IP V6 • IP V4 Address exhaustion • 2.46 Billion Down, 1.25 Billion to Go • 2007 data • Security • Performance • Transition to IP V6

  39. Transition to IP V6

  40. IP VTC “On the internet nobody knows you’re a dog……..” Many Drivers Fewer Disincentives

  41. Access Bandwidth • Narrowband • 2.4Kbps – 9.6 Kbps • 14.4 – 28.8 Kbps • 56 Kbps • 64 Kps via ISDN • ADSL Broadband • 256 Kbps – 8 Mbps • Fibre • 25 Mbps and above • Virgin • BT rollout

  42. Semantic web Semantic “Connected with the meaning of words and sentences” “Stock markets crashed” “Share prices tumbled”

  43. Semantic Web “A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities” Scientific American May 2001 “The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries.” http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/

  44. The bad bits……. • Everyone needs to do their bit to reduce the risks due to … • Spam • Viruses • Social networking

  45. Twas the night before start-up and all through the net, not a packet was moving; no bit nor octet. The engineers rattled their cards in despair, hoping a bad chip would blow with a flare. The salesmen were nestled all snug in their beds, while visions of data nets danced in their heads. And I with my datascope tracings and dumps prepared for some pretty bad bruises and lumps.

  46. RFC 968 “Twas the night before start up” By Vinton Cerf …… 1985

  47. References www.packet.cc http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7496000/7496976.stm http://www.sciam.com http://talis-podcasts.s3.amazonaws.com/twt20080207_TimBL.html rticle.cfm?id=the-semantic-web http://www.rfc-editor.org http://www.potaroo.net/ispcol/2008-09/ietf72-ipv6trans.html Internetworking with TCP/IP Douglas E Comer Prentice Hall http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/

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